⚕️ Essays on Nursing

Nursing

Males in Nursing

Abstract Nurse shortage is a considerable bother of the modern healthcare because it affects multiple stakeholders. The traditional methods of addressing nurse understaffing are designed using retention and hiring practices supported by empirical evidence. The present paper offers an innovative way of addressing understaffing by attracting more males to the...

Nursing

KPI Analysis and Action Plan

Introduction Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a reliable tool for assessing how well a facility meets its goals. Calculating KPI is especially relevant for medical practices since accountability has become one of the important concepts of modern healthcare. For this assignment, KPI analysis was conducted at Temple University Hospital, Pennsylvania....

Nursing

Nursing Leadership in Diabetes Management

One of the noteworthy observations made while working on this project up to date was that the literature on the subject rarely, if ever, focuses on the nurses’ role in the management of diabetes. For instance, an article by Schnell, Crocker, and Weng (2016) discusses the importance of conducting fasted...

Nursing

Reflections on the DNP Essentials

Having read the AACN Information Systems/Technology Essentials for the DNP graduate, I thought that the use of information technology is important both for research-focused and practice-focused DNP scholars. Despite the fact that modern students feel comfortable in a technology-rich environment, this does not necessarily mean that they can use it...

Nursing

Leadership Strategies in Nursing Practice

The leadership skills in the nursing practice are vitally significant for accomplishing the mandatory tasks. These include the education of the patients, obtaining the time management skills, and patient care that is carried out by the appropriate health care provider. However, the ability to lead might also have a harmful...

Nursing

Lateral Violence in the Nursing Workplace

Introduction Healthcare professionals should exhibit desirable values and traits that can make it easier for them to achieve their aims. The wellbeing of nurses and caregivers is something essential if they are to transform the health outcomes of their patients. More often than not, challenges, abuses, and disagreements tend to...

Nursing

Lippitt’s and Lewin’s Change Theories for Nursing

Changes occur gradually, so the results are not always immediately noticeable. The situation can become complicated if the participants have different ideas about the proposed changes, methods, and strategies for achieving them. The same is valid for nursing practice, as the nurses are the primary agents in delivering care and...

Nursing

Nurse Understaffing in Healthcare

Problem Statement and Proposed Solution The ultimate goal of healthcare is to provide quality care based on a patient’s needs and recent evidence. The quality of care depends upon many factors, including the level of staffing among frontline care providers. According to Martsolf et al. (2016), nurse staffing level positively...

Nursing

Oncology Nursing Society

Introduction The Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) is a professional nursing organization dedicated to promoting excellence in oncology nursing in the U.S. and globally. They work with researchers, health care professionals, and legislators, to improve cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment (Oncology Nursing Society [ONS], 2019a). As a part of their policy...

Nursing

The Main Issues of Medicare

Introduction The main two issues with Medicare are manifested in the fact that it is vulnerable and adjusted for an ever-growing older population. This means that there will be an increased number of people with chronic conditions, which require inpatient services, outpatient options, and prescription drugs or medications. As an...

Nursing

Quality and Safety Measures in the Contemporary Nursing Science

Introduction Nursing science has advanced extensively over the past few decades due to the introduction of innovative technologies, the creation of new theories, and the identification of other tools that allow improving patient outcomes. Among the key changes, the shift toward quality combined with sustainability should be deemed as the...

Nursing

Quality and Sustainability in Nursing Science

The improvement of the quality of healthcare service is one of the priorities for nursing researchers and practitioners. The US healthcare system is characterized by considerable impairments that lead to people’s death, their health deterioration, the country’s financial losses, and the emergence of numerous issues related to public health. For...

Nursing

End-of-Life Care

Introduction This paper presents an analysis of the role of advanced practice nurses in the management of end-of-life care. It discusses the aspects associated with end-of-life care and the decision-making process. The paper suggests the approach that can be used while communicating with the patient’s family and addresses the appropriateness...

Nursing

Nurse Leaders Characteristics

The role of nursing practitioners has grown considerably as these healthcare professionals have been empowered to provide a wide range of services to patients and make diverse decisions. Nurse leaders can now address numerous issues and improve the quality of delivered care. Handoffs and associated quality of care can be...

Nursing

Application of Quality and Safety Concepts: Preventing Medical Errors

The problem of medical errors has been persistent in the nursing and healthcare setting for a while, causing numerous negative outcomes and endangering the lives of many patients. Medical errors occur at several levels and lead to injuries, traumas, nosocomial infections, and other consequences that affect patients negatively. However, from...

Nursing

TMMC: Quality and Sustainability

Change Theory In order to promote change in the TMMC context, one should deploy Kurt Lewin’s change theory (LCT) as one of the most common frameworks in nursing. Specifically, the proposed theoretical approach implies the use of three stages (freezing, moving, and unfreezing). The identified approach is deemed as particularly...

Nursing

Hospital Readmissions and Care Coordination

Patient outcomes are a critical focus of most quality improvement initiatives in the United States healthcare sector. Enhancing patient outcomes requires a comprehensive effort of policymakers and care providers, including nurses. Hospital readmission is among the key patient outcomes to be targeted in the United States because it has a...

Nursing

Interprofessional Health Care Team

Interprofessional Team Negotiations The issue to be negotiated revolved around the best nursing care model to use in our team. The interests that influenced me included empathy, teamwork, justice, and integrity. My colleague wanted us to embrace the power of a primary nursing care delivery model. However, I preferred a...

Nursing

HCAHPS Survey to Measure Pain Communication

Pain management in a geriatric nursing unit is a measure that significantly affects the overall performance indicators of the hospital. Thus, it is vital to address new ways in which patients’ satisfaction may be improved. The scenario’s details reveal some information about the unit’s activities on their path to quality...

Nursing

Family Health Assessment and Promotion Strategy

The development of measures helping to protect family health is among the key priorities emphasized by healthcare providers all over the world. Assessments focused on factors impacting the health situation of the entire family are particularly important given that proper family care is a prerequisite to national well-being. Within the...

Nursing

Nursing Experiences in Clinical Supervision Groups

Introduction As part of the Group Clinical Supervision 1 Module, this assignment requires nursing students to discuss the work in one of the clinical supervision groups, obtained practices, and outcomes. As one of the students who successfully undertook the group clinical supervision session, I am going to reflect on my...

Nursing

American Association of Critical-Care Nurses

Introduction Professional associations in nursing contribute considerably to the development of nursing practice, as well as the professional growth of nurses. Healthcare professionals share experiences and gain access to diverse resources that are instrumental in obtaining new skills and knowledge. They also build their resilience through their participation in different...

Nursing

National Patient Safety Goal: Evidence-Based Care

Introduction Changes in local and national policies and guidelines, improvements in pharmaceuticals and medical technologies, and the care delivery pressure from society force nurses to apply new evidence-based practice in their work. Professionals currently provide health care on the basis of reliable research of evidence, experience, and medical expertise. The...

Nursing

The Influence of Nurse Practitioners and Physicians on Patient Outcomes

Nurses constitute the vast share of the healthcare workforce in most countries, including the United States. When it comes to primary care, they often provide a range of services similar to that of physicians, which creates the need to evaluate and compare performance between the two professions. The vast majority...

Nursing

The Self-Care Theory of Nursing

The self-care theory of nursing was pioneered by Dorothea Orem and proposed a framework for increased independence and self-esteem among patients by letting them take care of some of their basic needs for themselves. The structure is most applicable in rehabilitation settings, where patients often begin their stay unable to...

Nursing

Ageing Bias in Nursing Practice

Introduction The work of a nurse presupposes dealing with multiple patients who possess various qualities and characteristics. For this reason, in many situations, it can be difficult to adapt to new conditions and provide care in ways that will meet clients’ requirements. However, the positive relations between a nurse and...

Nursing

Prescriptive Authority of a Nurse in New Jersey

Introduction Prescribing is an essential issue in nursing that requires the attention of care providers and regulatory bodies. In order to provide the best service to patients, nurses have to be aware of their state’s regulations regarding prescribing authority and have the necessary licenses to prescribe medications. The present post...

Nursing

Improving Patients’ Health Outcomes

Nurse practitioners can consider various concepts, technologies, and ideas to address the health needs of their patients. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the major barriers to the use of evidence-based practice (EBP), issues surrounding the 12-hour nursing shift, and the concept of connected health. The paper outlines ideas...

Nursing

Nurse-Patient Ratios: Lobbying a Policy Change

Improper nurse-patient ratios in many hospitals indeed represent a significant problem. It is one of the workplace factors that are associated with burnout and job dissatisfaction, often leading nurses to quit the profession and, in this way, aggravating the issue of workforce shortage (McHugh & Ma, 2014). In addition, nurse...

Nursing

Nursing: Complex Leadership Discussion

The role of nurse leaders in the contemporary healthcare environment is increasingly complex due to the variety of issues and responsibilities. The most important challenge for nurse leaders is motivating employees to achieve better performance outcomes. Creating motivated and well-performing teams is crucial to improving patient outcomes and promoting satisfaction...

Nursing

Basic Concepts in the Context of Nursing

Introduction In the context of nursing, understanding the difference between basic concepts of values, morals, ethics, and bioethics is essential for building a responsible background for practice. This paper will focus on differentiation between the terms and providing an overview of their application to nursing. Values Values refer to the...

Nursing

Family Health Assessment and Examination

Values, Health Perceptions Values and perceptions of health in a family are important for the facilitation of healthy habits and healthcare routines (Wright & Leahey, 2012). This family consists out of three people, which include two adults and a child (son). They consider themselves to be in good health. Mother...

Nursing

Transcultural Nursing of Jewish Religious Group

Introduction Religion, as an integral component of society, has an impact on nearly every aspect of its life. Together with the cultural peculiarities of different ethnic groups, religion can have a significant impact on the process of care as well as communication with patients and their relatives. Therefore, a nurse...

Nursing

Pain Management Case Report: Application of Theory

The provision of care to people suffering from chronic conditions is often associated with the focus on pain management. Such patients tend to endure constant or frequent pain, which hurts their quality of life (Schmidt, 2016). One of the most effective ways to assist these patients is to provide educational...

Nursing

Workplace Incivility and Healthful Environments in Nursing Profession

Workplace incivility in the nursing profession is a significant issue that contributes to stress, burnout, and turnover. According to the review provided by Mikaelian and Stanley (2016), external factors surrounding care, contribute to nursing burnout more than actual patient care. The examples of incivility include workplace bullying, rudeness, making unfounded...

Nursing

Theory of Goal Attainment in Nursing

According to Imogene King, nurses are supposed to attain, maintain, and regain a healthy state of the patient. Theory of goal Attainment discusses how the main goals of a client are achieved through nurse-patient interaction and are based on her own nursing philosophy and experience. Born on January 30, 1923,...

Nursing

Cyber-Bullying in the Nursing Workplace

Definition of Cyber-Bullying The advancement of the Internet and the invasion of online communication tools into the everyday life of contemporary people cause new threats to health and safety. Bullying that once was only possible inside organizations or groups now reaches far beyond physical space and emerges in new electronic...

Nursing

Differences Between Nursing Care and Doctor Care

Introduction The sphere of medical care employs many various professionals, whose duties focus on their clients’ wellbeing. Nurses, doctors, pharmacists, and other specialists are devoted to helping people with their health-related needs. Nonetheless, each medical worker has duties and strategies that are individual to their occupation. For example, one can...

Nursing

Nurses’ Experiences During Advanced Level Nursing Education

An article by Graue, Rasmussen, Iversen, and Dunning (2015) described an empirical study that investigated whether increasing the educational levels of nurses in rural Norway would improve the quality of their work. This process was deemed mutually beneficial to nurses and patients because both parties gained from improved competence and...

Nursing

Nurse’s Malpractice Leading to Fatal Outcome

Look at the legal malpractice case study. Describe the case and discuss the standard of care that the parties will be held to in this case. How will the standards of care and the Nurse Practice Act be applied in a court of law if the case is sued? The...

Nursing

New Technology Systems Adopted in Nursing

Adoption of New Technology Systems One of the aspects of the role of a nurse facilitator is to prepare the team of nursing care providers for the adoption of a new electronic health records (EHR) system. It is expected that resistance from nurses can be faced in the process (Hyrkäs...

Nursing

Nursing Practice: Goal Statement

Introduction Achieving a DNP degree will be an important step in my academic career, as it would allow me to progress towards my future goals. I chose to focus on family nursing practice in order to be able to help in resolving a variety of health problems found in people...

Nursing

Advanced Practice Nurses as Interdisciplinary Team Members

Advanced practice nurses have an important role to play in interdisciplinary research collaboration by acting as case managers, who should coordinate different aspects of care (Engelke & Marshburn, 2006). As members of interdisciplinary teams, nurses also have a duty to be advocates for patients. It is also their responsibility to...

Nursing

Effective Nursing Leadership in Change Management

Proposed Core Team of Change Champions Effective nursing leadership is an important part of change management (Marquis & Huston, 2017). Particularly, effective leadership is essential in assembling a core team of change champions. According to Sare and Ogilvie (2010), managers could use different strategies to develop these core teams. However,...

Nursing

First Home Care: Internship Clinical Practice

Introduction My field internship clinical practice was conducted in First Home Care in Portsmouth, VA. During the course of the practice, I worked with two clients in Day Support Treatment for Autism Adults. I established two main objectives as guidelines for my practice. First, I tried to identify the areas...

Nursing

Nurse Caring for Latino Patients

Introduction The case study under consideration involves a cultural aspect of nursing because a patient is a Mexican American woman (Galanti, 1997). There are two groups of players in this situation, relatives of the patient and representatives of the healthcare facility, a pharmacist and an IV nurse. All the players...

Nursing

Teaching Effectiveness in Nursing Education

Introduction It is important to improve the nursing curriculum with regard to evidence-based practice and information literacy. The curriculum also requires the nursing educators to look for and make use of relevant nursing research while focusing on their teaching objectives, nursing practice, research interests, and the students’ practical necessities. The...

Nursing

Emotional Intelligence and Unionization in Nursing

Emotional intelligence (EI) is an important aspect of successful management. However, despite the growing recognition and adoption in professional development, it remains a relatively obscure aspect of leadership. The following paper provides a detailed analysis of emotional intelligence assessment and outlines the strategies for EI development. In order to determine...

Nursing

Clinical Education and Nursing Programs

Is clinical a time for teaching or for evaluation of students? Or for both? Clinical placement experience should be a time for both teaching and evaluating the students. Clinical placement experience is a chance for nursing students to utilize the skills and theories learned in the laboratory settings and in...

Nursing

Sociology of African American Families in Nursing Practice

Abstract African American families represent a large percent of the US society, and nurses working with the members of these families should follow the unique approach to care and treatment because of the necessity to address the African Americans’ health and social needs appropriately. A variety of factors influence the...

Nursing

Nursing Skill Mix for Professional Development

Abstract “Skill mix as the range of different skills possessed by the members of a group or required for a particular job” (Richards et al., 2000, p. 186). Its role in transferability of skills and knowledge in the community nursing context is highly debated among different stakeholders. While many agree...

Nursing

Professionalism in the Nursing Practice

Introduction Nursing, like many other professions, has metamorphosed over the years due to changes in technology and institutions. In this paper, I look at the milestones in nursing since the 1800s and professionalism in the nursing practice. Difference between Nursing in the 1800s and in the Twenty-First Century Unlike today...

Nursing

Nursing Practice

The Implications of Change in the Health Care Delivery System on Nurse Leadership Methods of administering aid are continually changing in an attempt to procure the best possible outcome for patients seeking help. However, constant updates leave specialists in a continuous race to adjust their team goals following these changes....

Nursing

Importance of “The Black Family” Course for Nurses

Abstract Sociology is one of the core courses undertaken by many nursing students. This paper explains why “The Black Family” is an important course for nursing students. The paper identifies the best sociological lessons towards a better nursing practice. Nurses should use different sociological theories to support the health needs...

Nursing

Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare

Complexity Science and Chaos Theory Complexity Science and Chaos Theory is a model that explains how different triggers or events catalyze significant changes in a given organization. When uncertainties occur, organizations are compelled to change in an attempt to remain competitive. These developments can be explained using the nonlinear dynamic...

Nursing

Advanced Practice Nursing Regulation

Policy Involvement Advanced practice nurses are in a powerful position within a healthcare system as they spend much time in direct care for patients and know their challenges and needs. Nevertheless, according to the report by Heale and Rieck Buckley (2015), there is a lack of political strength of nurses...

Nursing

Community Healthcare Nurse for Elderly Patients

Introduction From what I saw at Ester Seals day care, interacting with the elderly who suffer from a combination of old age and degenerative mental illnesses requires a lot of time, experience and most importantly patience in making sure that their needs of this particular class of patient are met....

Nursing

Safe Nursing Practice

Model Implementation The policy change I would like to introduce is the elimination of rotating shift work. The reason for such an action is that rotational schedule can cause severe harm for nurses’ physical and mental health. According to Petrov et al. (2014), around 15% of American employees, including nurses,...

Nursing

Family Nurse Practitioner

My long-term objective is to become a skilled family nurse practitioner (FNP). This profession will make it possible for me to provide evidence-based services in a primary health care setting. In such a situation, a FNP will focus on disease prevention and wellness. Such a caregiver will also diagnose and...

Nursing

Project Management for the Advanced Practice Nurse

A project requires adequate project management to be successful, where the Advanced Practice Nurse Project Manager (APN PM) can build a roadmap, support the project team, define the tools, and implement the project tasks. In modern nursing, it is not uncommon that Informatics Nurses (IN) and Informatics Nurse Specialists (INSs)...

Nursing

Nursing Training Project in Cross-Cultural Setting

Introduction Evidence-based research will definitely improve the management and leadership skills of nurse leaders because it allows the professionals to cognize various theories and methods for improving the working setting and handle human resources. However, theoretical frameworks are useless unless they are effectively applied in practice. In this project proposal,...

Nursing

Prescription Drug Abuse and Nurses’ Involvement

The worldwide epidemic of prescription drug abuse is largely affected by the role of nurses caring about patients. Historically, nurses were vital to combating opioid through the anticipatory guidance. Today, they also remain essential in providing health care services to those who are addicted and those who are newly prescribed...

Nursing

Fall Reduction by Patient Education and Physical Therapy

Plan Presentation The presented project can be summarized in the following PICOT question: In senior hospitalized patients, what is the effectiveness of increased patient education and participation with regular exercise/physical therapy versus current hospital fall prevention programs with limited exercise/physical therapy in promoting balance and stability thus minimizing falls and...

Nursing

Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory in Nursing

Introduction Change processes are inevitable in every sphere of life because change is crucial for development. Changes frequently become a problem due to the resistance of stakeholders and other obstacles. Change theories are supposed to empower the process of change and make it less painful for the parties involved. Thus,...

Nursing

Nursing Skills Impact on Professional Development

Abstract In workplaces today, individuals are endowed with various skills. These skills can be used together to perform a particular function or job. The role of skill mix in transferability of skills and knowledge in community nursing context has been highly debated among different stakeholders (Richardson et al., 1998). While...

Nursing

Nursing Project Planning Process and Stakeholders

The steps involved in the process of project planning Post #1 The steps in planning a project starts with knowing the parameters. It is important to give you a framework based on reality and will allow a good starting point. If those involved know the requirements and resources, it is...

Nursing

Pain Management in Nursing

It is essential for the healthcare team to exercise effective communication. Professional nurses should strive to assist patients as much as they can. The comfort goals of a patient are very important and hence, it should be the focus of a nurse. Pain management for patients is usually the main...

Nursing

Barriers in Nursing Associated with Evidence Based Practice

This review focuses on the barriers in Nursing associated with the introduction of Evidence-based Practice. Evidence-based practice is relatively a new concept that involves a change from the traditional practice. The human tendency is always to resist first to changes. The resistance is what this review proposes to consider as...

Nursing

Decreased Cardiac Output: Nursing Process

Assessing While assessing decreased cardiac output, it is important to gather both objective and subjective data from the patient. Subjective data includes numerous symptoms, such as fatigue, anxiety and agitation, changes in mental condition (e.g., hyperactivity or confusion), fainting, and so on (de Souza et al., 2014). Objective data includes...

Nursing

Novice Psychiatric Nurses’ Communication Strategies

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore communication strategies that can enhance novice nurses’ capacity to work in acute care psychiatric settings. Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted to analyze selected research articles that studied the barriers to effective communication that novice nurses encounter. Findings: Nurses...

Nursing

Roy Adaptation Model as a Conceptual Nursing Theory

Introduction The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) is one of the most commonly used conceptual theories of nursing. Understanding its ideas can help medical professionals improve the quality of care they provide and enhance patients’ self-evaluation and mental health. This paper aims at researching the RAM, describing its main concepts, and...

Nursing

Nurse-to-Patient Ratio Increase and Change Models

Introduction Although a drop in the nurse-to-patient ratio (NPR) is typically viewed as a reason for concern in the healthcare system, high NPR can also affect patient outcomes negatively (Jarrar, Rahman, & Shamsudin, 2015). With the rise in the number of nurses per patient, the threat of mismanaging patient information...

Nursing

Recorded Nursing Shift Reports vs. Bedside Handoff

Introduction This paper describes an evidence-based project to move my facility from recorded reports to bedside handoffs. Currently, nurses routinely complete their shift-to-shift documentation outside the patient room, a practice that limits patient/family involvement and is prone to communication errors that raise the potential for sentinel events. The stakeholders and...

Nursing

Healthcare Collaboration for Patient Quality Care

Introduction Collaboration in health care can remarkably improve patient outcomes and the delivery of care. Many studies have been conducted on the topic, and much evidence has been obtained from practitioners that demonstrate the positive effects of collaborative behaviors not only among health care providers but also among providers, patients,...

Nursing

Conversational Model of Learning in Nursing

Introduction The present paper follows the progress of the development of an in-service education program that is meant for twenty-six nurses of the Emergency Unit of the King Fahad Medical City, which is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In particular, the paper uses the information gained through the learning needs...

Nursing

Medication Errors in Nursing Practice

The Definition of Medication Errors In spite of the fact that the United States spends more on healthcare than any other developed nation, the quality of health care remains low. One of the areas of concern is patient safety and the impact of prescription errors. In order to understand the...

Nursing

Electronic Clinical Decision Support Tool for Nurses

Innovative technologies are an essential component of effective healthcare services. While the importance of healthcare experts’ knowledge is not to be underestimated, technological advances also allow for a wide range of opportunities to address health issues and provide the needed services. The devices that assist nurses in making clinical decisions...

Nursing

Concerns of Doctoral Education in Nursing in the US

Introduction Postgraduate education is aimed at enhancing one’s knowledge skills, and it is frequently a means of gaining better professional results. Nurses, as well as specialists working in many other spheres, have an opportunity to enter doctoral programs through which they can obtain greater expertise. The present paper will analyze...

Nursing

Adult-Gerontology Nurse Practitioners: Nursing Theory

Nurse practitioners (NPs) should use various theories to develop appropriate care delivery models. Adult-gerontology nurse practitioners (AGNPs) possess adequate competencies that guide them to provide comprehensive medical support and care to adult patients. This discussion describes how I can apply Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring in my practice as...

Nursing

Importance of Theory in Nursing

Introduction Nurse practitioners (NPs) use their competencies and philosophies to meet their patients’ health needs. In order to function optimally, these professionals should borrow numerous ideas from existing theories and models. Such a practice can empower them to become skilled providers of exemplary medical services and care. The paper below...

Nursing

Learning Theories and Styles in Nursing Career

Introduction Different scholars have developed numerous definitions of the term learning. However, Wright, Street, and Gousy (2011) define learning as the continuous permanent acquisition of cognitive, behavioural, and other technical and non-technical skills. Learning is a nonstop process, which commences during childhood and continues throughout adulthood. People have different learning...

Nursing

Evidence-Based Protocols in Nursing

Thesis “The nursing personnel contribute immensely towards the implementation and adoption of the evidence-based protocols which contribute towards the provision of quality care. The evaluation of the challenges that the nurses experience in implementing evidence-based protocols is critical to the achievement of the desired outcome of improving the quality of...

Nursing

Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing

Evidence-based practice is the incorporation of the finest research evidence in medical proficiency and patient ethics. It includes categorizing sturdily researched discoveries and applying them in everyday practices so as to upsurge the excellence of patient care and bring the most profitable nursing care. Nurse managers must pay attention to...

Nursing

Nursing Leadership: Advancing Workforce Intra-communication

Introduction Leadership is one of the core functions in every organisation or health institution. Effective leadership dictates the performance of employees in a given institution. Theorists and scholars have presented a number of theories and models that can be used by organisational managers to lead their followers (Spetz, 2014). The...