Nurses play a major role in delivering healthcare services to patients and providing them with necessary assistance. “The Future of Nursing” is a report by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee Initiative, which was created to address the existing challenges of the American healthcare system and particularly of the nursing...
The main principle of system-based practice is to show awareness and responsiveness to a broad context of the healthcare system and use resources effectively to provide high-quality care for the patients. In healthcare, leaders frequently use system-based practice to empower other nurses. This essay will explain how I will use...
Introduction People use social media to connect with their peers, family, and professionals and receive new knowledge. Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn have become the most popular platforms to share information and stay updated regarding the latest news. While social media websites have many benefits, careless usage can affect a person’s...
Antwi, Y. A., & Bowblis, J. R. (2018). The impact of nurse turnover on quality of care and mortality in nursing homes: Evidence from the great recession. American Journal of Health Economics, 4(2), 131−163. This article focuses on the effects of turnover of nurses on the quality of nursing home...
The acid-base balance is an important parameter that is maintained in the human blood within certain limits. This is necessary for the normal functioning of various body systems, biochemical reactions, and the optimal functioning of enzymes. The body’s acid-base state includes three main mechanisms: the functioning of extracellular and intracellular...
In this proposal, an outline of goals and activities that pertain to shadowing a nurse leader within an ICU setting is presented. The goals and topics of interest are managed in three parts, which are overarching ICU nurse leadership roles, collaboration, conflict resolution in a hospital setting, and professionalism and...
Nursing leaders play an essential role in the process of care quality improvement by leading others. In their turn, managers bridge the gap between administrative and bedside care roles by dealing with a set of challenging daily tasks. Both roles require a high level of expertise, knowledge, and particular technical...
Introduction One aspect that differentiates excellent leaders from terrible, efficient leaders from unproductive, and preferred leaders from hated ones is the aptitude to assemble organizational source of wealth to make things happen. These qualities of a good leader are clearly seen in Sister Carol Keehan’s influential power in the accomplishment...
With an aging population and shifts in the way people die, all nurses should prepare to care for a dying person at some point in their careers or personal lives. Integrating a palliative approach early in the disease phase for people with life-limiting illnesses across all care settings will improve...
Introduction Cultural competency, defined as health professionals’ ability to effectively provide care that meets patients’ linguistic, social, and cultural demands, is among the emerging nursing trends. Incorporating cultural proficiency into nursing practice is essential in overcoming the wide variety of health literacy, cultural, and linguistic barriers. Cultural competency integration goes...
The selected policy is the addition of the requirement that a bachelor’s degree in nursing serves as the entry level into the profession. There are numerous reasons why such a policy should be put in place. One such explanation is that it directly influences the quality of service that is...
A medication error occurs as a result of the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of the wrong plan to achieve a specific aim. The rate of medication errors that occur as well as the consequences of those situations are frightening. In the...
The difference between qualitative and quantitative research lies in their statistical analysis approach, type of data used, and purpose. While quantitative research deals with numerical data through its exploration, inductive logic, and information discovery to understand a phenomenon, quantitative research is inherently different as it deepens new knowledge. Quantitative research...
For aspiring nurses with a Master’s Degree, the next evident step in the career is to get either a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree or apply for the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) level. The primary difference between them is the approach to nursing. As seen from the name,...
Pressure ulcers represent a severe condition that immobilizes people and exposes them to additional health issues that are caused by the worsening of blood flow. Soft tissues deteriorate under pressure, which is also rather typical of individuals that are confined to wheelchairs. One of the ideas that are mentioned in...
Introduction Providing proper healthcare is important for the full recovery of patients. As such, hospitals assign patients to nurses who will ensure proper medical care and quick recovery. Nurse practitioners (NPs) help in preventing diseases, promoting health, diagnosis and health education. NPs play an essential role in patient recovery, although...
A chief nursing officer, or a CNO, is a practitioner that has a multitude of roles within the workplace. Apart from the guaranteed nursing duties, a CNO will also perform administrative roles, leadership duties, advisory functions, and links between physicians and the hospital’s nursing staff (Batcheller et al., 2017). A...
A substantial percentage of healthcare infections are attributable to the healthcare stakeholders’ actions. Hand hygiene is a crucial way in which healthcare facilities can prevent diseases, and improve the quality of care. The article evaluating hand hygiene compliance among healthcare staff in the intensive care unit discusses the role of...
One of the major demands in terms of current research studies on the matter of nursing concerns their relevance in both social and professional contexts. Hence, the vast majority of today’s studies focus on the nursing implications under the pressure of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the research article chosen...
Introduction Leadership qualities play a fundamental role in managing healthcare processes effectively by providing safe and comfortable conditions for both nursing professionals and their patients. More specifically, servant leadership is a distinctive approach to nurturing the inner leader for each nurse practitioner in their medical practice. Servant leadership represents a...
The article written by Min et al., in 2016, researches the technical effectiveness of nursing care. The study also analyses the features of efficient and qualified facilities during the second part of the article (Min et al., 2016). Overall, the research questions focus on estimating the appropriate technical proficiency of...
I witnessed a situation at the hospital entailing poor communication between the nurses and the patient. The patient failed to understand the challenging situation that encompassed an obese individual’s surgical operation and carried on with the practice smoothly that later resulted in complications. This situation contributed to the patient’s ability...
Introduction Cultural competence is defined as organizations’ and providers’ ability to efficiently deliver health care services that meet social and cultural needs. Cultural factors can influence health and health care, such as language, communication, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. It is an essential component of quality nursing care that lays a...
Hands touch unclear surfaces where they get germs which cause infections. Unwashed hands transfer germs to other parts of the body, such as the mouth, ears, eyes, and nose, where they become harmful. Hand washing removes germs from the hands and reduces the chances of being infected (Damilare, 2020). This...
Wound care in nursing practice is not only concerned with treatment but also prevention, particularly on patients characterized with a variety of health conditions. Some of the crucial services expected of medics with this responsibility include assessing foot wounds among diabetic persons, managing present infections, attending to pressure injuries, and...
Introduction Instructors can use several methods to teach their nursing students and ensure that they grasp the basic concepts. The methods chosen should incorporate the key concerns of the instructor or educator. In addition, nurse educators should use different methods to engage their students in the learning process. The diversity...
In the present post, the author addresses the problem of high rates of nurse turnover. The critical reasons for this are the unbalanced patient ratio and small salaries. In other words, nurses are overloaded and underpaid, face emotional burnout, and lack communication with most hospitals administration. The investigation conducted by...
Nurse advocacy is an essential element of nurses’ work because it allows these professionals to address current healthcare issues, which they face in their daily work. Addiction Treatment Access Improvement Act of 2017 was introduced to help nurses assess the patients when prescribing and administering opioids (Healthy Nurse, Healthy Nation...
The correct identification and evaluation of a person’s learning needs are one of the integral objectives of professional nursing. However, these needs are often affected by such an important factors as social determinants of health. The range of social determinants comprises a patient’s socioeconomic status, education, and living environment (Tallon...
The Issue The issue for consideration in this change proposal is the-end-of life care for COVID patients. COVID-19 is a new disease which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Zhang et al., 2020). It affects the lungs and airways. Its symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and high temperature. Healthcare providers around...
Indeed, charge nurses play a huge role in the effective performance and management of emergency departments. Each Registered Nurse must be a competent specialist in his or her field and have a set of well-developed skills to acquire a charge nurse’s position. One of these skills, as noted by the...
Course Competencies Many key competencies related to medications were studied during the course. One of the most important is the skill of preparing and administering medicines, as mishandling them leads to critical consequences. The competence of patient teaching utilizing various resources also increases the level of satisfaction with treatment and...
The completion of the training and the passing of the exams are exciting events, but the search for a workplace to apply the acquired knowledge and skills lies ahead. Even after finding a workplace, nurse practitioners (NPs) cannot immediately start work – they need to go through the credentialing process....
As earlier been noted, the increasing number of the elderly population has not only resulted in increased cases of dependence and disabilities but has also put more strain on the available facilities for long-term health care. As a result, some of the challenges to the provision of shortage of skilled...
Introduction Over the past few decades, the United States of America has been hit by a huge nursing shortage. Shortage of nurses refers to the inadequacy in the number of professionally qualified nurses who can provide the required health care services to the public at the demand level in the...
Nurses have an essential role in helping patients undergo their treatment, recover from injuries, and improve their health. Performing these professional duties requires serious expertise, proper competence, specialized knowledge, and skills, which are obtained during prolonged periods of training and learning. The risks involved in the nursing occupation are high,...
The efficiency of nursing practice is explicitly correlated with the theoretical foundation that defines the nurses’ potential course of action. However, the approaches to the research framework differ in terms of the data available and the desired outcome. Researchers primarily differentiate between a nursing conceptual model and a nursing theory...
Nurses constitute the largest single component of the healthcare workforce and play an integral role in the proper functionality of health management. These professionals have been viewed as the implementers of the policies which seek to foster and advance public health. However, nursing organizations have increasingly recognized that promoting patient...
In collaboration with other healthcare providers, nurses play an invariable role in hospitals and other care centers. Nurses are caregivers and advocates for all patients, regardless of their ethnicity, economic or social status, and religious affiliation. They contribute to the treatment of various health conditions, prevent illnesses, and manage patients’...
Introduction Quantitative research findings are of great utility in improving nursing practice. This research type serves as a source of reliable numerical and factual information, bringing multiple benefits to nursing. In contrast to qualitative, quantitative research produces measurable mathematical data relying on statistical methods of information collection. Thus, quantitative data...
The nursing profession, being one of the most challenging occupations in terms of its formation, requires much support to comply with both the patients’ and medical sphere’s expectations. Thus, in order to make nurses feel as a part of a supportive and understanding community, various professional nursing organizations were introduced....
The nursing profession is often associated with a variety of virtues. Nurses are taught to cultivate and hold on to values that guide their practice. These values help them attend to people’s health needs and maintain a high quality of healthcare. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing ([AACN], 2006)...
While working towards a doctoral degree, nurses often have to simultaneously manage their work, education, and personal lives. Doctorate needs a significant amount of time and effort as it contains much practical and theoretical information and the development of many professional skills (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2006). Although...
Problem Statement In the intensive therapy, there can be multiple factors that influence the overall health condition of patients. One of the problems that draw the attention of medical specialists is that patients in the intensive care unit may suffer from various symptoms and their negative effects at the time...
Nursing profession is now regarded as a complex occupation that encompasses health care, public health advocacy, medical competence, and ethical consideration in terms of cooperation with patients. However, the occupation itself had to undergo various changes to be in the place it is today. Hence, the primary purpose of the...
Introduction The idea of EBP was introduced a few decades ago to promote the use of empirical research in healthcare professions. Being a systematic approach to solving clinical problems, EBP is understood as a promising improvement for nursing practice, but its full-fledged implementation still raises concerns. This paper is aimed...
Like any other sphere of society, public health has many problems, including nursing or medical practice ones. In this case, the method of interaction with the patient is of particular importance. According to Lira and Rocha (2019), PICOT is a way of posing a question for a case, helping to...
Introduction Globally, chronic kidney disease has become a health burden and Saudi Arabia is not an exception. Scientist Ayman Karkar cites uncontrolled blood pressure, sugar levels and lipids among others as factors, which hasten the development of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (2011, pp. 419). In addition, kidney failure may...
Introduction This reaction paper essentially focuses on giving a succinct analytical reaction to the book Notes on Nursing by Florence Nightingale which was first published in England in 1859 and 1860, in America. In this book, Florence describes nursing in a rather different way from the way people view it...
Introduction Nursing leadership is essential for any medical organization that seeks to provide consistent and high-quality care to its patients. It focuses the efforts of the nursing professionals on the standards that need to be followed. Issues may occur, however, and they have to be addressed. This paper will examine...
Nursing is a profession that faces significant changes, mainly because of technological advancement gradient. According to researchers, the nursing education curriculum’s design demands incorporating a dynamic perspective that appreciates the contribution of technology advancement (Delaune et al., 2019). In this case, it is essential to determine technological advancements that render...
Introduction Evidence from various medical research studies indicates that there are a number of barriers which inhibit the African American population from gaining access to medical care. Some of these barriers include lack of health insurance coverage and the lack of knowledge and awareness about health issues. The lack of...
Introduction The current direct practice improvement (DPI) project is to reduce the prevalence of pressure injuries among patients of 75 years old and higher in a medical unit. There is no doubt that the desired outcome can be achieved if it is possible to change patient care delivery standards. It...
Introduction Nurses are often required to make ethical decisions in their practice, as they work with the delicate sphere of patient wellbeing. However, most experiences with ethics that nurses encounter are connected to their immediate practice setting and individual patients. Once nurses enter the field of research, the ethical challenges...
Ethical issues have been of great interest in telehealth delivered care, especially with the internet; there are increased chances of accessing provided information. Therefore, the matter of ethical issues that are of interest to nurses in telehealth needs to be researched. Potential ethical issues are associated with many new nurses...
Purpose and Key Objectives in Surgical Practices Surgical practice is a type of nursing activity where a healthcare provider performs surgery on patients to address their needs. The main objective and purpose of a surgical procedure are to provide a high standard of medical care to address patients’ needs. In...
Patient History The patient history offers specific information on the client’s current situation. It is evident that the 21-year old female has been feeling weak and unwell for the past several weeks. In addition, she smokes an average of two packs of cigarettes a day, has a single meal a...
An advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) is an experienced and highly educated Registered Nurse who manages the patient’s complete clinical care. According to the Missouri Division of Professional Registration. (2019), it is a competent person who has the freedom and power to act and take responsibility for these actions. This practice...
Introduction Stress has become an integral element of modern life, and it is impossible to avoid it. Stress has permeated all areas of human activity, affecting people in a variety of ways. It is present in the workplace environment, in general, in everyday interaction, and even at home. Stress entails...
Introduction In their careers, nurses have to face certain professional issues associated with the field. One of the problems that medical workers might witness is incivility occurring in hospitals or clinics. Such behavior can be caused by patients due to stress, but sometimes incivility can happen in nurse-to-nurse communications. Incivility...
Professionalism and Social Media The American Nurses Association has developed the Code of Ethics, which defines professional responsibility, confidentiality, and compliance with patient rights protection. Social media holds a particular position as it directly affects interaction with patients, medical staff, and other team members to achieve a high treatment level....
Introduction Nurse staffing is one of the most burning issues in the system of healthcare. When taking a closer look at the problem, it is clear that there are several major factors associated with nurse staffing. There is a lack of nursing professionals and nurses are overloaded with tasks. Clearly,...
Introduction The research problem addressed by research conducted by Falk and Wallin (2016) concerns the relationship between nurse/patient ratio and quality of care in intensive care units. The relevance of the topic to the nursing practice is validated by the importance of raising awareness about nursing understaffing, especially in intensive...
Introduction The main purpose of the quality improvement initiative at the workplace enshrines assessing the strategies that contribute to eradicating bullying in nursing practice. The unethical method of oppression highly affects the confidence of the new nurses in a hospital institution. I had the first-hand experience when I got transitioned...
Including the members of the medical personnel in the decision-making process and healthcare transformation is essential since it allows them to participate in medical organization improvement and be aware of the new initiatives. In terms of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), it is also necessary to engage nurses in...
Aspiring to be an Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) is a dream goal for any student nurse in achieving academic excellence and quality nursing practice. Achieving and maintaining a top-notch level by being driven by passion, the ability to make personal decisions, and demonstrating great ambition for career development is a...
President Obama signed the healthcare reforms bill into public law in March 2010 (Hertel, 2011, Nursing World, 2012). Following this development, a lot of changes are expected in nursing practice as this law comes into operation. Among other changes, nurses will have to further their education so that they can...
Introduction Recreational water activities are beneficial for the health and well-being of individuals of different age groups. Swimming is known for its positive influence on muscle strength, cardiovascular health, and maintaining a normal BMI. This activity also helps to relieve stress, which is of particular importance for older adults. Given...
Abstract This paper presents an overview of different nursing conceptual models. The study examines Nola Pender’s health promotion model as one of the scientific strategies to address nursing challenges. The research suggests that the design is efficient in its effort to identify the health risk factors of a patient. The...
Patient Information Patient’s Initial: Date of Care: Age: 47 Wt: 59kg Ht: 61in Admission Date: Gender: F Unit/Room: Allergies: NKDA Code Status: F/C Ethnicity: Hispanic Isolation status, if applicable: N/A Chief Complaint The patient has excessive per vaginal blood loss depicted by the blood clots expelled through the vagina, possibly...
The principles of scholarly discussion in an online environment amount to the importance of being brief, specific, contributing to the point, follow the scholarly writing style and cite sources to credit other authors’ efforts (Cole and Watson 115). All these aspects refer to the only main principle in online scholarly...
It was important to return to using the word “patient” while meaning recipients of care and medical services in contrast to using the word “client.” One should state that it is possible to agree with the change observed in the wording used in the ANA Code of Ethics. The reason...
In 2018, Virginia passed a bill which expanded the scope of practice for APRNs. The House Bill 793 established a transitional licensing model where APRNs with at least 5 years (or 9000 hours) of work equivalence in their area of certification and practice can apply for an autonomous practice license....
Introduction For a nurse, it is of crucial importance to possess critical thinking and decision-making skills. These skills need to be developed throughout the nurse’s education and practiced in the clinical setting to become a habit. In this paper, we will analyze the importance of both critical thinking and decision-making...
The article written by Carol Huston (1) presents essential leadership competencies for nurses. One of the points listed in the research is the importance of a universal view of healthcare and nursing (1). Additionally, the article mentions appropriate technical skills, excellent decision-making abilities, and the capacity to shape organizational practices...
The suggested evidence-based intervention will help to curb the levels of stress in nurses by offering them relaxation techniques that will lead to a drop in tension and work pressure. Previous studies have declared that mindful meditation has an ameliorating effect on the levels of depression, stress, and workplace burnout...
Evidence-based information and strategies integrated into nursing practice help to facilitate changes because of their robust decision-making approach. In this course, ways to deliver healthcare with the best clinical experiences data available were studied, and then used in the nursing activities. Moreover, the skills to use the evidence-based information within...
Introduction Practice development refers to a facilitated procedure in healthcare that aims to develop evidence-based and person-centered healthcare. It pursues to include individuals from every organization level to develop a positive impact on healthcare services. The procedure involves inclusive, collaborative, and participatory methods. However, the process does not involve several...
Discrimination and bias are problems faced by people in many professions. At the same time, although bias and prejudice are prohibited by law, in medicine and nursing, it has exceptions, since in most cases patients have the right to ask about replacing their doctor or nurse. Consequently, the problem of...
Clark, J. L., Phoenix, S., Bilbrey, A. C., McManis, T., Escal, K. A., Arulanantham, R., Sisay, T., & Ghatak, R. (2018). Cultural competency in dementia care: An African American case study. Clin Gerontol, 41(3), 255–260. Web. The article by Clark et al. investigates the impact of cultural competency in dementia...
Background information Many misconceptions surround the nursing career. The myths surrounding nursing profession are so great that they dissuade people from pursuing this career. However, unlike what many people believe, nursing is the noblest career in the face of the world, without which many lives would be put to stake....
Introduction Leadership in nursing is concerned with influencing people to achieve a purpose or to reach set organizational goals. A lot of confusion arises in the delivery of leadership roles and management in organizations. The major twist is that leaders can double up as managers for an organization. However, not...
Introduction Confidentiality is paramount to safeguarding trust between medical practitioners and their patients. Nurses frequently deal with intricate scenarios that require the protection of health data. Since patient safety is grounded in legal and moral imperatives, nurses must consider ethical dilemmas that may arise in the course of duty2. In...
Leadership skills should be considered among the crucial elements of any joint human activities. For me – as a nurse that aims to become a proficient nurse-manager – these skills are vital. There have been plenty of cases when I had to do my best as a leader in the...
Each Nurse Practice Act (NPA) presents the provision for the creation of a State Board of Nursing (BON). As was mentioned, this body is granted the right to produce regulatory rules that interpret the NPA requirements and provide more precise directions on nurse practitioners’ scope-of-practice (Salako, 2019). However, the regulations...
This response will discuss how advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) can distinguish their roles from other nursing roles and medical counterparts. The APRN role includes several roles, such as “clinical nurse specialists (CNSs), NPs, certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and certified RN anesthetists (CRNAs)” (Ko, Burson & Mianecki, 2019, p. 26)....
Medical Diagnosis:Intrauterine drug exposure, methadone withdrawal (3-week-old newborn male suffering from Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome) Pathophysiology:Opioid withdrawal is a complex bio-medical issue that affects the fetus on a cellular and molecular level. Opiate drugs, such as methadone, have an easy access into the fetus through the placenta, as they have low...
Commonly used nursing interventions in a prison facility Seeing that the people located in the prison facilities are entitled to the same healthcare and nursing services as the rest of the U.S. citizens (American Civil Liberties Union, 2016), correctional nursing interventions are very similar to the ones listed in the...
Bookbinder, M., Glajchen, M., McHugh, M., Higgins, P., Budis, J., & Solomon, N.,… Portenoy, R. (2011). Nurse Practitioner-Based Models of Specialist Palliative Care at Home: Sustainability and Evaluation of Feasibility. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 41(1), 25-34. The article is aimed at defining the feasibility and effectiveness of two...
The principles of nursing practice are closely associated with the roles and tasks which should be performed by nurses according to the scope of their practice. In 2013, the International Council of Nurses presented the revised variant of the position statement on the issue of the scope related to the...
Evidence-based Clinical Guidelines: Discussion A deep head-and-neck polymicrobial infection is typically defined as a peritonsillar abscess (Afolabi et al., 2014) (see Fig. 1). As a rule, young adults are affected most by the disease (Gal, Hsu, Mallon, Mattioni, & Nagorsky, 2014). A peritonsillar abscess manifests itself in the following symptoms:...
Introduction A nurse’s mission is to serve patients and address their needs, providing holistic and high-quality care. This purpose of a nurse’s work, knowledge, and experience usually form the development of a specific personal philosophy of nursing. However, it is also important to note that a nursing philosophy is not...
Each nurse develops a personal philosophy of nursing concerning an individual understanding of a relationship between the domains of the nursing metaparadigm. These domains include the person, health, nursing, as well as environment (McEwen & Wills, 2019). Nurses formulate their philosophy after deciding how these specific concepts influence their views...
The extent to which a patient cooperates in a nurse-patient relationship is significant because it determines the success which in this case refers to the recovery of the patient from his or her illness. The case under consideration presents one of those difficult patients whose input in the relationship is...
By its very nature, nursing implies caring for others and aspiring to the greater good of patients and the community. These functions require a nurse to apply a humane and ethical approach. According to the definition by the American Humanist Association (n.d.), humanism is motivated by compassion and “supports the...
Introduction: History of Presenting Illness Mrs. X is an 88-year-old female patient who was brought to the emergency department of the hospital on the 8th of February, 2016, with a few days’ histories of generalized weakness, suprapubic pain, and urinary frequency. She also complained of worsening of her chronic leg...
Introduction Nursing science plays a significant role in the healthcare industry. It is so because this branch aims at improving medical professionals’ performance and patients’ outcomes through the development of theoretical and practical concepts. It denotes that this science determines how health services are delivered. Thus, it is no surprise...
Spirituality is one of the important issues contributing to healthcare ethics and the overall quality of services provided for patients. It is even more relevant for the specifications of end-of-life care or treatment in intensive care units for clients suffering from severe illnesses. It is important to apply spirituality in...
Introduction My current job profile requires me to offer my services in the surgical/orthopedic ward. During my current job, I have come across several instances where the lack of pain assessment results in the suffering of the patients having pain. This persistent problem prompted me to choose a research topic...
The profession of nursing has evolved over time along with social, political, technological, and other environmental factors to which healthcare practice had to adapt. In addition, public perception of nurses is not as it was in antiquity or even half a century ago. Though the importance of caretakers’ role was...
When playing the simulation as Jan Klein, RN, it is important to address research-related ethical issues from a nurse’s perspective. She performs a role of a clinical research coordinator and cooperates with a principal investigator (“The research clinic,” n.d.). It is possible to learn certain aspects associated with realizing ethical...
In the modern world, the role of nursing continues to evolve in the field of healthcare. Before nurses’ education started to change, their position in healthcare organizations did not have the same weight that it does now. Nurses, especially those with a Master’s and Doctor’s degree, advocate for themselves and...