This paper discusses the research components of some of the articles selected. The first article discussed is the research article by Dinkel and Schmidt (2014) on the ‘Health education needs of incarcerated women.’ The sample selected was in the form of two groups of women housed in maximum or medium...
Nurse as a Cultural Broker Aside from taking care of sick patients, a nurse has several roles in the community. One of the roles that are evident from the videos is that a nurse is also a cultural broker. In one of these articles, the practice of female genital mutilation...
The researchers outlined an appropriate strategy to ensure the sources used to complete the study were valid. To begin with, 8 of the selected 2689 articles fulfilled the targeted requirements. Such articles presented powerful findings on the outcome of indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs) placement. The 8 sources identified “the impact...
Diagnosis Overview Illness anxiety disorder, or hypochondriasis, is a disorder characterized by excessive worry over being ill or becoming chronically sick. A person may have no specific symptoms or signs of an illness and still fear being ill. The concerns about the individual’s health are seen as seriously dangerous or...
Diabetes is among major health issues that need quality healthcare and intervention to sustain and overcome. The researchers have shown dedication to taking care of diabetic patients, identifying the best ways to overcome the latter’s health issues. Nurses can found essential insights in “Evaluation of Nurses’ Knowledge Levels of Diabetic...
Menopause occurs when woman completes a year without experiencing a menstrual cycle. According to Wu et al. (2019) the “average age for menopause in the United States is 51” (p. 70). Therefore, this discussion aims to research the topic of menopause by addressing issues related to perimenopause, surgical menopause, stress...
Hand washing refers to the act of cleansing one’s hands using soap or similar substances and water to eliminate pathogens. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that the whole process should be conducted for at least 20 seconds before and after certain activities (as cited in Paul, 2020). These include...
Current Diagnosis-Dehydration Dehydration is a medical condition that results from an imbalance between the available amount of water in the body and the physiological need for water (Hoffman et al., 2018). Water is crucial in many body processes as it is a primary component in almost all body biomolecules. Without...
According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, telehealth is defined as telecommunication to link a care provider and a patient (Alexander et al., 2020). The e-visits may include remote patient evaluation, brief check-ups, and other services, which are used to protect and make the lives of older adults...
Each American state has its own Department of Public Health (DPH), which is responsible for maintaining and improving the citizens’ wellness. Georgian DPH is an institution aimed to prevent diseases and injuries, promote well-being at all levels, and design plans for disastrous situations. Georgia has both cancer and immunization registries...
Introduction Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a fundamental health problem that affects millions of patients, mainly in intensive care units. HAIs include central line blood infections, surgical site infections, and catheter urinary tract infections. Research statistics show that in the United States, approximately 1.7 million people are diagnosed with HAIs per...
The value of working with other healthcare professionals lies in the sharing of experiences of best practices that are only accessible to certain areas of practice. Some professionals are exposed to the emotional side of care while others to physical, and the exchange of experiences leads to the formulation of...
The liver is a crucial organ in the body with numerous functions. An unhealthy liver will manifest in an individual through specific signs and symptoms. A preliminary examination of a liver will inform the doctor to conduct further tests. A physician will ascertain a liver malfunction through a liver function...
Introduction Human decisions are influenced by socio-cultural and economic factors occurring in our daily lives. Determining ethical choices is considered a personal decision impacted by individual beliefs. This discussion aims to analyze the moral justifications of George’s decision for voluntary euthanasia (Grudem, 2020). The case study presented proves that he...
The first level in the five levels of learner evaluation is level 0 or needs assessment. It is a level of learner dissatisfaction and readiness to learn. The diabetic educator should begin the process of evaluation immediately after Allen is discharged from the hospital. This involves giving him information about...
Introduction During a clinical at a cardiac care unit, I interacted with patients and nurses in the unit. I noticed that some nurses were extremely calm and confident, while some others were anxious and worried, lacking confidence. While I was checking the vitals of my patient R, I noticed a...
Introduction As a professional nurse who has served patients for more than four decades, I am expected to have the required knowledge to offer to nurse students who tend to think that nursing is just an ordinary job to undertake. Nursing should be taken as a job that requires a...
Introduction According to Hu et al. (2010), diabetes affects close to 2.5 million Hispanic Americans (10.4%) compared to 6.6% of their non-Hispanic counterparts. The Hispanic population continues to grow in the U.S. with language barriers being an issue of concern in healthcare service delivery. On the other hand, Mohan et...
Extant literature demonstrates that a foremost challenge for community health practitioners in assisting people to recover from crises involves the setting up of deliverable goals (Maurer & Smith, 2009). The presented case scenario depicts a situation whereby the community nurse must develop a priority recovery goal to assist community members...
Available literature demonstrates that vulnerable and socially excluded persons, including the homeless, are exposed to more health issues and challenges than the general population, and hence require targeted health services to address these challenges (Maurer & Smith, 2009). Poverty, domestic violence, and lack of affordable housing are acknowledged as the...
Introduction In many communities around the world, culture is often viewed as the organizing framework within which notions of health and illness are defined and internalized by members using a set of beliefs, values and attitudes that are unique to these communities. It therefore follows that knowledge of the role...
Introduction Today, more than ever before, health care organizations need to adopt and implement culturally competent practices because healthcare workers are recruited from diverse cultural backgrounds, bringing into the organization a multiplicity of beliefs, value systems, religious orientations, demands and expectations (Pearson et al., 2007; Purnell, 2013). This paper discusses...
Introduction While language barriers are an ongoing concern in dealing with ethnic minorities in the United States, it has come to the attention of academics and practitioners that care providers must demonstrate the capacity to understand the culturally specific needs of minority clients and adjust their approach to care accordingly...
Introduction In the United States, teleradiology is considered an external service that provides medical image interpretation, as well as an integral part of radiology services, particularly for smaller establishments. As Johnson (2010) resorts, “teleradiology was one of the first successful and practical “telemedicine” initiatives” (p. 1052). Being originally implemented as...
Ms. Jackson Lee initiated the discussion of this bill on the floor of the House of Representatives on 3rd January 2013. Remarkably, the bill was to ensure that both the senate and the House of Representatives carry out an extensive research on this type of breast cancer (Full Text of...
Introduction The smile is a common expression used in the show of emotions when socially interacting (Neidenthal, Brauer, Halberstadt, and Innes-Ker, 853-864). There can be aestheticism in smiles, that is, association to occasions of joy in the emotional status of a person expressing a smile. However, on other occasions, a...
Introduction to the Study Background Over the last three decades, Oakland has recorded one of the highest rates of childhood mortalities and injuries resulting from automobile collisions. The heavy traffic in Oakland and the large population within most Oakland neighborhoods are two main factors that contribute to the problem. However,...
Introduction Health Information Systems are revolutionizing the way people access medical services. The information revolution brought about by the development of Information Technology in the last half of the twentieth century is responsible for this phenomenon. The advantages of Health Information Systems in medical services include the use of decision...
Over the years, there has been a gradual rise in cases of medical practitioners diverting narcotics in various hospitals. This trend will undoubtedly harm patients if no measures are taken to resolve the issue. Through the BSN Program, I have learnt that diversion of narcotic is the current narcotic diversion...
Introduction Chronic kidney disease is one of the serious health complications among the African American communities in the United States. As Peralta and Ronit (2011) report, the government of the United States has been concerned of this fact. Chronic kidney disease has been one of the leading causes of death...
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a common form of anxiety among victims that face various traumas in the society especially psychological trauma. Motor vehicle accidents are some of the most common sources of trauma in the society with many victims being affected and suffering from PTSD. Although false memory has been...
Unequal income distribution is a key driver of the United States of America’s high health care costs. Excessive income spending on investment in the healthcare sector plays a crucial role in the overall performance of the economy. The U.S has an unsustainable healthcare cost and growth patterns that are not...
Cuban-Americans are individuals who are born and raised in America and whose parents are of Cuban ancestry. In the United States of America, there are a number of Hispanic groups although Cuban-Americans form the third largest group (Purnell, 2013). Americans born of Cuban ancestry are however considered Native Americans especially...
Introduction The work explores the problem of cervical cancer as a critical threat to female health. According to the medical studies, the disease stems from the abnormal growth of cells on the cervix. The virus, which stimulates cervix cancer development, is called human papillomavirus (HPV). It is critical to identify...
Introduction Upon successful completion of Master’s in Nursing Education Program (MSN), nursing education specialization, and in the course of being a professional in the same specialty, learning has been a continuous process. It is attributed to the fact that Nursing is a dynamic discipline that requires learners and practitioners to...
Introduction “Core competencies are specific business abilities used to create a competitive advantage in the business environment. A competitive advantage is the ability to complete business functions, produce customer products or provide more value to consumers better than other companies” (Hawthorne, 2014, par. 4). Core Competencies of a Direct Care...
The Current Stage in the Clinical Nurse Leader’s Evolution Clinical nurse leaders (CNLs) are evolved generalists in nursing who have been educated to master’s level (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2013). Their role was invented recently by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing while paying attention to result-oriented...
The health care system should be improved to achieve the best results. Spreading of information concerning health care is considered to be an essential element that will minimize costs and will significantly improve the health care system. Many successful implementations of the IT technology in the health care system prove...
Introduction Nursing leaders must demonstrate a clear vision to encourage and develop people, enhance patient outcomes, and bring about innovative change in healthcare settings (Martin, McCormack, Fitzsimons, & Spirig, 2014). Leadership vision is pivotal in creating a nursing culture that underscores the importance of evidence-based practice (EBP) in ensuring excellent...
Introduction Ethical leadership is a concept that revolves around the attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors of individuals in the workplace. For instance, in healthcare settings, nurses are required to account for the services they offer to their patients. They need to have a proper understanding of the ethical leadership issues...
Healthcare organizations use a variety of methods to attract new hires. The advantage of job sculpting is that managers develop a specialized professional plan for each candidate. The plan will contain goals that coincide with a candidate’s interests. To deal with the shortage of nurses, healthcare organizations employ such strategies...
Abstract Country Walk is a peaceful and quiet community located in Miami-Dade County, Florida. This paper shows that diabetes is a major health problem in the area. Poor diet choices and a sedentary lifestyle have contributed to the upsurge of the health issue. The high number of Hispanics in the...
Abstract Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate approaches to analysis are appropriate for different researches. The current paper claims that multivariate analysis is appropriate when it is necessary to examine multi-variables (dependent and independent) to establish their link. Thus, it deals with data sets that have more than one variable. Otherwise, univariate...
The meta-analysis conducted by Fleischauer, Poole, and Arab supported the inverse correlation between raw and cooked garlic consumption and colorectal and stomach cancer. On the contrary, the study conducted in the Netherlands suggested no risk of cancer due to garlic supplement consumption in a cohort that included breast cancer patients,...
In their study, Bispo, De Lima Lopes, and De Barros (2013) sought to identify previous work on cardiovascular changes that arose from human sexual activities and how patients, hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction, were diagnosed with sexual dysfunction. To do this, the authors used an integrative literature review as the...
Creating premises for fostering a healthier community is one of the numerous responsibilities of an APRN (American Hospital Quality Outcomes 2014: Healthgrades Report to the Nation: Executive Summary, 2014). Therefore, a nurse must promote target patients with relevant information concerning the corresponding services. Despite the recent changes in the nursing...
The issues that a family nurse practitioner faces are numerous and challenging. Often requiring one to use an array of management skills, they pose a serious threat to the patient’s health and wellbeing. To identify the current problems in the job of a Family Nurse Practitioner, I searched for the...
Introduction What is muscular dystrophy (“MD”)? According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke or NINDS, this medical problem is best understood as muscular dystrophies – a group of genetic diseases that is typified by progressive weakness and deterioration of the skeletal muscle of human beings (NIND, p.1)....
Abstract The main aim of this study is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of stem cell technology and ethical considerations. Stem cell technology is considered a breakthrough in the field of medical science. However, the use of stem cell technology has faced high criticism because of the use of...
Introduction Buprenorphrine is replacing methadone in detoxification of opiate addiction. Buprenorphrine suppresses withdrawal symptoms in opiate addiction. This study was conducted on 200 opiate addiction patients at the Sunrise Detoxification Center. The effectiveness of buprenorphrine in reducing pulse, sweating, anxiety, tremor, and nausea among other withdrawal symptoms was evaluated. Background...
Organizational Change: Nurse Retention and to decrease turnover Healthcare organizational change implies the transition from its current state towards future state in order to boost service delivery. The healthcare industry is dynamic and in order to preserve the quality of healthcare delivered to their clients, it must adapt to the...
Literature Review The flu is a disease that is prevalent throughout the entire world and particularly in humid regions. The flu is not life threatening but deaths can result from pneumonia, worsening cardiopulmonary conditions and several other chronic diseases. Most affected are children, people with health problems and the aged...
Introduction Harvesting and concentration of human influenza is more focused on causes, treatments and other risks related to influenza in the society. This is because influenza is a very dangerous disease in the modern world. Many risks are taken towards finding the causes, treatments and effects of influenza in the...
Introduction Critiquing skill is necessary to determine a study design to answer a research question. Cohort study design and randomized controlled design are the most popular designs many researchers employ. This paper seeks to compare the features and principles of these study designs with respect to two study examples that...
Introduction A health insurance exchange is a subsidized health insurance plan provided by the federal government. The concept was included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act to increase health insurance access. The Accountable Care Act (ACA) was established to create a market where exchange in health insurance can...
Introduction Evidence-based practice is of great significance to health care. Evidence-based practice increases dependence on nursing theories. Moreover, evidence-based practice provides nurses with credible information on nursing. Additionally, evidence-based practice enables nurses to conduct appraisal on research articles. It should be noted that choosing correct evidence-based practice model is crucial...
Introduction Undergoing surgery is both frightening and intriguing. Traditionally, people go for surgery to improve their health. However, several people also go for surgery to improve their image and beauty. As a patient advocate, I witness numerous surgeries at my organization. While some women come for mastectomy, others come for...
Introduction Ethical issues comprise the principles that dictate what is bad and/or good. However, in the nursing practice, agreeing on what is right or unjust is incredibly difficult. Developing a clear understanding of the ethical principles that guide the process of delivering services in nursing care is critical in enhancing...
Introduction The nursing environment requires convenience to realize healthcare goals. To achieve this, nurses are required to implement good nursing strategies. These strategies should aim at improving productivity in a nursing environment. Nurses should also handle conflicts efficiently and effectively. As a trained nurse, I believe that strategic management is...
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a type of coronary heart disease (CHD.) ACS is caused by any activity or circumstance that slows or impedes the delivery of oxygen to the heart. This category of heart disease is inclusive of myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina as they have similar signs...
Bereavement Bereavement describes the specific experiences people go through in the aftermath of the demise of a loved one (Walsh & McGoldrick, 2004). It is the grief or intense sorrow experienced following the loss of a loved one by death. Bereaved people experience different emotional reactions, including sadness, desperation, insomnia,...
Introduction Healthcare is an important industry in any given society. Governments are actively involved in the dispensation of health. This is achieved through government regulations in the healthcare industry and the Public Health Service where the government protects the nation’s physical and mental health. The industry has legal issues and...
Introduction The high demand for healthcare services coupled with staff shortages has made it necessary for healthcare systems to be integrated. The scarce resources in the healthcare sector mean that the available resources should be utilized in the most efficient way (Smith, 2007). Integrated healthcare systems are supposed to enhance...
Introduction Decisions making is one of the activities constantly undertaken by professionals in the health care sector. Unlike in most of the other fields, these professionals sometimes do not have the time or resources necessary to deliberate on the action to take. To assist in this task of decision-making, health...
Introduction The past trends, system of governance as well as values held towards delivering health distinguishes health pillars for different countries at a broader perspective. Nevertheless, global institutions like WHO provide associated themes along which to establish and evaluate health such as workforce capacity, budgetary allocation, government policies, infrastructural baselines...
Introduction Tuberculosis is a serious disease that causes death if treatment is not sought at the early stage. The disease is transmitted in almost all settings implying that proper hygiene and other preventive measures play a critical role in keeping off the spread of the disease. Healthy individuals are at...
Introduction Resilience is a popular concept in nursing. The origins of the concept can be traced to the early psychiatric studies that explored the reasons why certain children were unable to withstand and overcome adverse life situations (Earvolino-Ramirez, 2007). Today, resilience is usually conceptualized as one’s ability to cope with...
Introduction For a variety of reasons that include professionals, patients and policymakers, healthcare organizations nowadays seek to establish solid systems for managing quality and safety in the industry (Bowie & Bradley 2012). After the publishing of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, “To Err is Human: Building a Better Health...
Introduction Oral cancer is one of the most dangerous cancers and is very common in parts of Africa, Asia and other parts of the world. One of the biggest challenges that doctors have in the fight against cancer is the fact that many of the patients lack knowledge about cancer....
Parents are fully responsible for the well-being of their children. This principle stands behind a number of legislative regulations, policies, and laws, and it is also applied in the case when parents have to decide whether they will allow using medical marijuana by their children. In JJ’s situation, his mother...
Introduction Stroke, which is scientifically referred to as ‘cerebral vascular accident, ’ is a sudden impairment in neurological function that is not associated with convulsions resulting from a hemorrhagic or ischemic event in the cranium. It currently ranks third as a killer in the UK behind cardiac disease and cancer....
Introduction Many nations are highly concerned about the quality of health offered to their citizens because the productivity of a nation directly depends on good health. Different policies and programs have been instituted to put in to check the quality of healthcare by different states, as well as the federal...
Introduction The interview focused on a 50-year-old ICU head nurse who worked in a 350-bed capacity hospital. She had held that position for five years after working as an ICU staff nurse for seven years and as a supporting nurse in other units of the hospital. Rita felt that nursing...
Diseases require the attention of professionals to warrant that patients receive appropriate treatment. Close attention is intricate for the treatment of diseases and disorders that call for timely instructions. However, some disorders and diseases permit the continuation of normal living where a patient survives outside a health facility. It is...
Background The social-economic disparity in a community is an ordinary occurrence, which affects the quality and accessibility of oral healthcare. Oral health in children is one of the most widespread healthcare issues in a community. Community-oriented care providers study children’s oral health as they map these health concerns with social...
As I read through the article, the first question that came into my mind was why African-Americans treated by hemodialysis lived longer than whites. Another question that came into my mind was why whites withdrew from dialysis treatment and preferred replacement therapy more than African-Americans. As I continued reading the...
Introduction Professional organizations in the health sector in most jurisdictions perform a vital role in ensuring effective management of health issues. In the US, professional institutions like the American nurses association (ANA) have been instrumental in the development of the new health care policy that was an apolitical issue. The...
The issue of euthanasia is considered an ethical dilemma because this problem has no satisfactory solutions. All the possible solutions can be discussed as exclusive and morally right or wrong when they are analyzed from different perspectives (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008, p. 90-96). Euthanasia is prohibited in relation to the...
Introduction The book Managing Health Services: Concepts and Practice written by Mary Harris (2005) are aimed at examining the functioning of medical institutions and their employees. The author of this book is a researcher who studies the work of healthcare organizations and the interactions between different professionals who care about...
Technology in Nursing Profession The use of technology in the nursing profession has the potential to improve the performance of nurses, healthcare provision, and security of information. Technology improves the work environment of nurses through the improvement of safety, efficiency, and quality of health services. Technological advances in information services,...
Bereavement Bereavement is defined as the period an individual experiences a feeling of sorrow and sadness due to the death of their close person such as a significant other (Walsh, 2008). Bereavement is very individual and differs from a person to person based on their personal qualities. Uncomplicated bereavement Having...
The study reviews the case of starting a health care clinic in a rural area. The practical nurse, Jennifer Kowal, who intends to find a center of medical assistance in a detached district, is motivated to undertake the project on her own. However, it should be kept in mind that...
Qualitative Article Purpose statement The article under review is “Development of a proactive care program (U‐CARE) to preserve physical functioning of frail older people in primary care” by Bleijenberg et al. (2013). Bleijenberg et al. (2013) stated that “the aim of the study was to describe the development process of...
Limited health literacy effects on the health of older people There are many reasons why limited health literacy may affect the health of older people in a variety of ways. First, it is necessary to understand that older people may suffer from health disparities and poor health outcomes, the necessity...
Demographic Variables in Women’s Health As the United States of America is one of the most multinational countries in the world, its demographics in health care are represented not only by gender and age determinants but also by race and ethnicity. In women’s health, the highest rates of heart disease...
Nursing plays a significant role in the preservation of women’s health. Over the past decades, this health care institution has offered numerous approaches beneficial for the improvement of the general health environment. Nursing communities have carried out considerable work aimed at studying the issue of women’s health and the delivery...
Ryan’s Family Family Composition Ryan’s family is young. The father is aged 32 years old; the mother is 30 while their son, Jack is aged 4 years old. The racial composition of Ryan’s family is African-American. Roles of each family member Ryan is the head of this family and, therefore,...
Introduction This essay aims to critic nine samples of articles on qualitative studies related to healthcare. The major sections that the essay will address include the sampling procedures, general criteria for data collection, the descriptive statistics implemented, and inferential techniques used. Health Informatics Opportunities and Challenges: Preliminary Study in the...
Introduction Hypertension and diseases of the renal and urological system can be discussed as connected problems. Kidney diseases can be associated with hypertension, as well as problems with high blood pressure can have an impact on the effective functioning of kidneys. The problem is in the fact that high blood...
Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is a serious neurological condition that requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. Among the available benzodiazepines, nurses should choose the best drug to use for SE. The purpose of this paper is to assess the pharmacological treatment of SE using benzodiazepines and determine nursing implications. Introduction Status...
Introduction There are several factors to consider when planning for a recruitment exercise. The most important factor is the necessity of the job. If the job can be redistributed to the existing workforce, then the recruitment process is unnecessary. It is also important to ensure that the institution gets applications...
Introduction Personalization is a paradigm in the social care system that focuses on improving the quality of social care that social workers provide. Burton, Toscano, and Zonouzi (2012) define personalization as a way of addressing the needs and desires of individuals by ensuring that they have the right advice, information,...
Professional Strategies to Increase My Power The problem of nurse staff ratio to patients in a hospital setting is wanting and therefore calls for change. In advocating for better staffing, I will use the following strategies to prepare and convince the legislative institute to improve the nursing profession. First, I...
Journals Name Journal of Emergency Nursing Scope The journal in question addresses emergency nursing issues in general without focusing on any specific area. According to the official statement of the organization, the journal articles cover “clinical topics, integrative or systematic literature reviews, research, and practice improvement initiatives” (About the journal,...
Introduction Case management entails a package of care that comprises an array of activities that differ extensively between programs (Hughes, 2010). Nursing case management targets individuals living with long-term health conditions. These patients have varying intensity of needs, and that should be prescribed effectively. Consequently, this has induced the greater...
Introduction The case management model is an important care delivery model especially for patients with chronic conditions. In fact, the case management model enables the provision of health care to patients with conditions deemed expensive to treat (Khanassov, Vedel, & Pluye, 2014). The goal is a coordination of care to...
Introduction Many medical researchers use qualitative research in clinical settings (Miller 191; Wimpenny and Gass 1485). Their motivation to do so stems from the capability for qualitative research to act as evidence for nursing practice changes. In my profession as a nurse, I find qualitative research to be useful in...
The implementation of the health information system will be performed for the hospital staff training, and its configuration will be performed by hospital needs. The following table presents the timeline for system training and implementation. Phase task Milestone and deliverables Start date End date Responsible role Installation and initial training...
More than 500 million people globally are affected by obesity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is defined and characterized concerning BMI (as cited in Alpert, Lavie, Agrawal, Aggarwal, & Kumar, 2014). Obesity is a serious public health problem whose prevalence has remained exponentially high. Central obesity, which...
Name of the Model: John Kotter’s Eight Steps to Change Model Description of the Model John Kotter’s model of change outlines eight steps that managers can take to bring about change in their organizations. The first step involves creating a sense of urgency. Kotter argues that urgency is a necessity...
Cervical stump carcinoma is a condition that is usually attributed to either subtotal hysterectomy or supravaginal hysterectomy. Other research studies have also attributed cervical carcinoma to other forms of disease conditions, most notable of which include uterine fibromyomas. The risk factor of a woman contracting cervical carcinoma who has previously...
Introduction In health law, it is vital for the patient to be fully informed of the tests and treatments to be administered. The medical practitioner attending to the patient is supposed to disclose all the necessary information concerning the medical condition of the patient and the appropriate tests and treatments...