Impact of Depression on Each Stage of the Life Cycle Infants between 1 and 12 months grow very fast. During this period, infants require constant attention from their parents. Mothers should breastfeed and take care of their children. Depression might occur when the emotional and physical needs of such infants...
Annotated bibliography Tickle, M., O’Neill, C., Donaldson, M., Birch, S., Noble, S., & Killough, S. et al. (2016). A randomized controlled trial to measure the effects and costs of a dental caries prevention regime for young children attending primary care dental services: the Northern Ireland Caries Prevention In Practice (NIC-...
Introduction The term “lean” has a meaning of “thin” bearing positive connotation. The thinness, in this case, is achieved by removing unnecessary complexity – in other words, “extra weight.” Similar principles can be observed in philosophies of artists and scholars throughout history and are best illustrated by the maxim usually...
Literature Review A literature review is necessary for almost any type of academic work. However, it is especially important for students who study health care or medicine in general, because these students need to analyze articles and books on a given topic successfully. The main aim of a literature review...
Raising awareness about dental issues, in general, and caries, in particular, among adults, is crucial for improving the quality of the dentistry-related services. According to a recent report by CDC, despite recent positive trends, the overall characteristic of the current situation as far as dental issues in adults are concerned...
Introduction The Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center has successfully rolled out two programs called the Taxi and Limousine Health Screening and Lincoln Art Exchange to reach out to the community. These programs, from a marketing perspective, are ideal in promoting the facility as that which cares for the community....
Although the oral cavity constitutes only one percent of the body area overall, about five percent of all injuries occur in it (Andersson, 2013). The most widespread disorders in this regard are dental caries and periodontal disease. They affect about 60 to 90 percent of school-age children and about 5...
Hildegard Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relationship was first described in her book Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: Offering a Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing published in 1952 (D’Antonio, Beeber, Sills, & Naegle, 2014). She emphasized the commitment to nursing and argued that nurses have to know patients as well...
There are dozens of safety and disaster training that every healthcare worker must undergo. The most essential are induction training, such as workplace orientation, equipment training, fire safety training, etc. They provide the staff’s competence improvement and significantly reduce time spent on getting to know the new environment, which can...
The Physician Assistant Program (PA) is an upstanding course provided by the Colorado Mesa University (CMU) to enhance patient’s care through quality education provision (Master of Physician Assistant Studies, n.d). The course intends to model compassionate, collaborative and innovative physician assistants who are competent in this field. The mission of...
Excess weight is one of the most frequently discussed topics and challenges in modern times, appearing in different doses in virtually every location. According to the World Health Organization, an average of four million people die each year in this epidemic (2021). It is also noteworthy that if obesity was...
Within the last decades, obesity rates grow significantly among adults and adolescents. As a chronic condition, obesity can be characterized by excessive bodyweight, which a medical problem that correlates with many health problems. Considering that obesity is caused by a variety of social, cultural, and environmental factors, along with its...
Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a viral infection that affects the human body. The virus attacks the CD4 cells thus destroying them in the process. With the reduction of CD4 cells, the body develops deficiency as far as protection against infection is concerned. The victim is said to have...
The target audience Obesity refers to excess adipose tissue or body fat beyond a threshold considered normal or a reference value. It is the unhealthy excess body fat that increases the risk of medical illness and premature mortality (James and Linton, 2009, p.3-5). The main people who will be part...
Aggarwal, A., Aeran, H., & Rathee, M. (2019). Quality management in healthcare: The pivotal desideratum. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 9(2), 180–182. In this article, the authors argue that a Health Care Organization (HCO), is an intricate entity since its service outcomes are intangible and the fact that...
A Summary and Reading Application of Health Care Organizations Management Vainieri, M., Ferrè, F., Giacomelli, G., &Nuti, S. (2017). Explaining performance in health care: How and when top management competencies make the difference. Health Care Management Review, 44(4), 306-317. Web. This research article opens by recognizing the structuring of strategic...
Protection against Resistant Bacteria Bacteria cause many illnesses that are treated mainly using antibiotics. However, the continued use of antibiotics has rendered the drugs less effective since the bacteria have developed resistance. The bacteria also adapt to the drugs and change overtime to defeat the effectiveness of the drugs administered....
In recent years, the problem of overweight in children has become especially relevant. They do little physical activity and do not eat well. The need to find successful treatment programs for such children determined the creation of the article “Active Living: Development and quasi-experimental evaluation of a school-centered physical activity...
Article Summary The article by Rosen et al. is a reaction to the increased criticism of randomized controlled trials (RCT) from the scientific community outside of the medical field. The growth in criticism of this type of intervention was associated with the increased attention to contemporary health promotion in the...
Introduction The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) is defined as the most commonly accepted and used performance measurement and improvement tool in health care. In six domains of care, HEDIS aims to measure performance to estimate the opportunity of improvements that may influence the quality of health care...
Vitamins are special organic substances that are not a source of energy or building material for the body. Nevertheless, they are necessary for small and often minimal quantities for its normal functioning. Vitamins are involved in metabolism, and they are biological accelerators of chemical reactions in the cell that increase...
It is important to understand the overall effect of COVID-19 on healthcare systems and the role of nurses within these conditions. Healthcare systems are experiencing high levels of the overflow of patients who need medical aid due to the lack of effective vaccines. These measures are primarily provided by nursing...
During the major disasters and other emergency situations, the most vulnerable groups of the population are individuals with special medical needs. The target population involves patients, such as the ones on dialysis who possess special healthcare needs. One of the group is comprised of patients with end stage renal disease,...
Although the modern world is amid a pandemic, people should be aware of some long-term threats that have been endangering humanity in the past and still put humankind at risk. The news report by the World Health Organization (2017) claims that West Nile Virus (WNV) or Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, is...
Using a framework to plan and evaluate the results of a specific intervention supports the successful implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP). The ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation is a process model developed to guide change in nursing and clinical practice. This paper will dwell upon the five stages of...
Narcissistic disorder of personality is a personality disorder characterized by a belief in one’s own uniqueness, special position, superiority over other people; high opinion of own talents and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies about self-successes; expectation of an unconditionally good attitude and obedience from others; the search for admiration from others...
In modern world, information technologies are widely used in the different areas of human activity. The main purpose of such systems is to make the process of work easier, faster and high-quality. Recently, artificial neural networks have been increasingly used to solve practical problems. They have a number of advantages...
The nursing profession, including the study process, often concerns the questions or morality and implies approaching at times complex moral dilemmas. For this reason, it is imperative for a nurse to nurture personal integrity and accountability that can take the form of academic integrity or professional ethics. This essay discusses...
It is considered the most contagious infectious disease that impacts human life. Moreover, leprosy still threatens public health worldwide despite the reduction of infection incidences due to antimicrobial treatments. However, healing from the disease require early timely detection and drug administration (Franco-Paredes & Rodriguez-Morales, 2016). Otherwise, the patients affected would...
Introduction A policy is a form of plan, governing principle, or a course of action adopted by the government to improve life quality and to solve problems affecting the citizens. There are five steps in the policymaking process, which are agenda building, formulation and adoption, implementation, evaluation, and termination. A...
Introduction Childhood obesity is a serious healthcare condition that occurs in well-developed and developing nations around the globe. It is associated with the extended sedentary style of life and work, the availability of fast food and sugary drinks, and the lack of physical exercise throughout the lifespan. In the US,...
Educational Status The patient’s education and health are two interrelated notions; nevertheless, seemingly, they cannot be reduced to relationships of cause and effect. It is stated that persons with higher education, as in the case of E. G., live longer and lead healthier lifestyles than those without it (Zajacova &...
The introduction of programs to improve the life of communities is a vital part of social work. It requires significant preparation, and the step of needs assessment is crucial to understanding the potential and requirements for a program to be successful (Crumpton, 2020). The following research plan will consider the...
Summaries The issues of emotions and a higher level of cognition are in the focus of cognitive neuroscience since they present a set of neurobiological processes specific to human beings and constitute a significant part of their social life. Within the framework of discovering the relations between cognition and emotions,...
The article under analysis dwells upon the risks and preventive factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It has been acknowledged that the majority of U.S. soldiers exposed to combat develop PTSD that can lead to considerable psychological, emotional, and social issues (Seligman et al., 2019). However, pre-trauma characteristics of soldiers...
Introduction Communication is one of the most pivotal competencies a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) should have in order to complete various projects effectively and advance nursing practice. DNPs collaborate with colleagues at different levels, implement studies, and disseminate information, which makes verbal, non-verbal, and written communication skills essential for...
Introduction This presentation is dedicated to a quality improvement project that targets catheter-associated urinary tract infections or CAUTIs. In particular, the presentation will summarize the key evidence that has been assembled so far over the past few weeks. Eight articles that contain information on the topics of CAUTIs, quality improvement,...
Introduction Based on Corey’s (2016) description of multicultural contexts, the sociocultural factors of an individual’s life have an impact on him or her. As a result, the needs and group therapy expectations of a Hispanic adolescent boy and African American older woman might differ. Two of the Micro training Associates’...
Introduction Homeless individuals have more health complications relative to the general population, showing significantly high rates of both acute and chronic clinical conditions. Homeless adults, for instance, report numerous cases of unmet health needs for several types of conditions. Some studies had shown that about one-fourth of homeless persons did...
Healthcare professionals and leaders need to regularly track the quality of performance and interpret statistical data from various resources to determine the areas requiring clinical practice transformations. Since its creation in 1994, the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) helps healthcare professionals and facilities to translate nurse-sensitive data into...
Introduction Hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) is a sizeable healthcare problem impacting hospitals in the United Arab Emirates as well as around the globe. It is estimated that the issue affects one in twenty hospitalized patients, accentuating the need to act (1). The problem is caused principally by a patient’s lack...
The significant impact on public health by natural disasters poses a difficult challenge for many government organizations that work towards public safety and security. The complexity of systems that provide said safety continues to grow exponentially every year, requiring more sophisticated ways to coordinate their synchronous functioning. Rose et al....
Research Topic Harm reduction is an approach based on liberal views and the assumption that substance users are free to choose using opioids, alcohol, or other drugs. This tactic was introduced in the 1980s, and many countries have developed various harm reduction incentives, although these efforts remain rather insufficient (Moreira...
Children may require off-label drug prescription depending on specialty concerns, level of care available, and patient characteristics. Pratico (2018) defines off-label drug prescription as “any usage of approved drugs outside the approved marketing authorization” (p. 200). The unlicensed use of off-label prescription often occurs in medical and surgical wards and...
One recurring issue in dentistry is the silo mentality, which hampers dentists’ collaboration with other healthcare stakeholders. For instance, over the years, patients have perceived dentists as isolated healthcare practitioners who do not collaborate with mainstream medical care. The belief that dentists should offer occasional attention to patients and only...
Introduction URT is a theory that focuses on human interactions and the development of relationships between strangers. When interacting with others, people typically experience uncertainty, which is an aversive state that they may try to reverse (Hogg & Belavadi, 2017). To do this, one can attempt to seek information about...
Understanding the hierarchy of evidence in academic research allows evaluating their results more accurately and, therefore, apply research outcomes to clinical situations appropriately. In their respective studies, AbdelKader and Nassar (2019), Bai and Dai (2018), and Hollams et al. (2011) examine a similar issue of pulmonary issues in children, yet...
Introduction The interactive case study tells the story of Natalie Kazakova, a Russian immigrant who currently works in the ICU of a local community hospital. Before graduating with a master’s degree in nursing, she obtained a bachelor’s in engineering in Russia. Natalie is new to the ICU team and, thus,...
Introduction Healthcare facilities face challenges in reevaluating their facilities’ transitional care practices to reduce the 30-day readmission rate. Notwithstanding the intensified focus on transitional care, researchers have conducted few studies to show a recommendable reduction in readmission rates, especially with patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (MI). Patients’ transition increases...
Introduction The role of advanced practice nurse (APN) has considerably enhanced lately due to the intense, challenging climate caused by the worldwide pandemic. Nurses present the unexploited potential for serving people and helping society live healthier lives. With this said, it is a fundamental task for nurses to take on...
Health promotion programs are designed to empower individuals towards adopting behaviors that would help them avoid the risk of acquiring chronic illnesses. These health promotion programs also aim to change individuals and communities via delivering information addressing how to amend unhealthy health attitudes and practices. A review of research is...
Introduction The delivery of medical care in hospital settings plays a critical role in treating and recovering patients. Medical practitioners have come up with numerous theories to explain their activities and guide their practice in the provision of healthcare services to patients in various settings. Nursing theorists have made notable...
Epidemiology is mainly concerned with the study of health-related issues in specified populations. As a result, its aim lies in understanding the reasons why some diseases occur at a particular time or location. Friis and Sellers (2021) state that “the key aspects of this definition are determinants, distribution, population, and...
The nurse’s primary role is the improvement of the patient’s health, well-being, and satisfaction via the use of appropriate care options and a patient-centered approach to decision-making. Nurses need to know about current traditional and alternative treatments and become involved in healthcare innovations and reforms (Laureate Education, 2009). Palliative care...
American Cancer Society (ACS) is a non-profit organization focused on cancer eradication. ACS was established in 1913 by ten physicians and five businesspeople in New York that initially was called the American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC) (American Cancer Society, 2019). This organization was formed at a time...
Introduction The completed Part I identified Elmhurst as one of the neighborhoods in New York State County facing various medical challenges. The section identified various health issues that most of the citizens encountered, such as childhood obesity, diabetes, and preterm births. Proper intervention plans are appropriate to address these issues...
Horner’s syndrome develops when the sympathetic pathway of the cervical spine, emanating from the hypothalamus to the eye, is affected. It manifests itself in the area of the eyes with damage to the muscle tissue joints of the body and the eyeballs. The disease was discovered by Dr. Horner, but...
Introduction Hyperglycemia is quite common in people with diabetes. It usually starts when there is an increased sugar level in the blood. Hyperglycemia comes in two forms namely fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. Its presence can cause severe damage to the nerve system. Moreover, it can cause damage to blood vessels...
Introduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an approach to therapy that is especially focused on outcomes, problem-solving, and the use of evidence-based solutions. The present paper is dedicated to an in-depth study of CBT as applied to groups. Here, the key concepts of CBT, as well as its strengths and limitations,...
In the documentary Sico, Michael Moore makes four major claims regarding the existing health system of the USA. First of all, it is the low effectiveness of the approach, regardless of high spending or attention devoted to it; second, Moore states that National Health Service (NHS) would be more effective...
Introduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the therapy approaches that can be applied to group work. Due to its focus on the procedures that are supported by evidence, CBT has been covered by research articles rather extensively. In this paper, a definition of CBT will be presented, and an overview...
Background The postoperative complications of abdominal surgeries present a critical risk to patients’ health. The most invasive operations, such as cystectomy, colorectal and gynecological procedures, and gastrointestinal surgeries, are associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. In particular, Tevis and Kennedy (2016) found that after colorectal surgeries, mortality could reach...
Problem Description Long-term care (LTC) in the United States (U.S.) is one of the growing areas of healthcare that requires the focused attention of policymakers, care providers, and patients. LTC facilities provide quality care and offer necessary medical and psychological assistance to those with chronic diseases and the inability to...
Introduction Continuous quality improvement is a concept that healthcare organizations should pursue in order to meet the changing demands of their patients. The selected institution has decided to create a dashboard to display various measures each month. Such items are necessary since they will give a clear picture of the...
This white paper explores the use of information technology for quality improvement in the primary health care setting. Accustomed to addressing the needs of the health industry, which is the audience for this paper, we developed the findings from a targeted review of published reports and expert analysis. Comprehensively, we...
Description of the delirium and depressive disorders as factor complicating a diagnosis Acute organic brain syndrome or the acute confusional state, otherwise known as delirium is neurocognitive impairment is commonly linked to physical illnesses in elderly people. There is a number of complications associated with the diagnosis of elderly patients,...
Mental Health vs. Mental Illness Conceptualization It needs to be said that the way mental health and mental illness are perceived has changed over the years, and a broad range of concepts has been developed. For example, such concept as “brain disease” is particularly interesting because it suggests that most...
Legislations Touching on Healthcare Communication of Policy and Procedures The changes envisioned at North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust are likely to affect the communication system in place. For example, the director is required to come up with an open door policy in the process of monitoring whether or not...
Problem Statement Individuals at risk of poor health and healthcare disparities are normally regarded as being vulnerable. For homeless persons and other socially marginalized populations, an effective healthcare system is always not within their reach. Moreover, other social determinants of health, such as income, housing, and social support are often...
Introduction The article “Self-neglect and cognitive function among community-dwelling older persons” by Dong, Wilson, Mendes de Leon, and Evans (2010) reports an epidemiological study of associations of self-neglect among the elderly population to a number of factors. To test these associations, a number of linear regressions were conducted. While the...
Overview of the Public Health Initiative The HIV care continuum is a public health initiative introduced by President Barrack Obama in 2013 to improve America’s HIV/AIDS fight. The HIV Care Continuum has only four distinct stages that include HIV testing and diagnosis, getting and staying in medical care, getting on...
Modern researchers tend to put a particular emphasis on the role of spirituality and religious beliefs in health assessment. Thus, numerous studies are carried out to evaluate the strength of the relevant interconnection and define the outcomes it might potentially imply for clinical decision-making. The paper at hand is, therefore,...
Medication Errors The issue of interest was a case of medication error in the medical ward. This case involved a wrongful administration of a high dose of morphine for pain control. The nurse in question administered 10mg of morphine instead of the prescribed 5mg per oral morphine. This error occurred...
Currently, the healthcare system primarily uses two reimbursement methods: fee-for-service and pay-for-performance. The two are not mutually exclusive, and each affects the revenue cycle in a distinct manner. Moreover, recent developments, such as the expansion of Medicare and the introduction of various new systems and requirements for hospitals, have further...
Introduction Nurses normally use care delivery models to assess, plan, and undertake patient care within a framework that promotes quality and satisfaction at a reduced cost. However, in the recent past, health human resources shortage, limited budget, and safety and quality issues have resulted in the development of more suitable...
Introduction A preliminary Care Coordination Plan is a vital part of treatment, as it ensures the appropriate integration of services into the process and effective interactions between care professionals and their patients. The purpose of care coordination is to maintain the mentioned constituents’ correct functioning, intended to facilitate the recovery...
Concepts of Nursing Theory Diverse concepts constitute the Nursing theory. Oscillate between person, environment, and health. (Hickman, 2019). Holistic patient care to enhance well-being. Enhance the resolution of symptoms. Improves patient’s quality of life. Several concepts ranging from a person, and environment to the health of individuals constitute the nursing...
Introduction The primary purpose of this research is to study the physical activities among university students and establish the relationships between biological activities, academic success, and physical fitness at the University of California. Although several studies have attempted to establish the relationship between physical activities among university students, they have...
Work-School Balance activity Top Three Priorities in Life My three priorities in life are family, health, and progress. The family is the closest people throughout their lives, so I always try to devote as much time as possible. I have been interested in maintaining health since adolescence; therefore, I chose...
Introduction COVID-19 has arguably been the pandemic of the century, with millions of death recorded so far and many other causalities still being reported to date since its novel emergence in China in 2019. However, efforts by scientists have gradually brought the condition under control through their identification of vaccines...
When dealing with databases containing health information about patients treated in a certain facility, the question of data quality is inevitable. The need for the data to meet the set requirements is primarily caused by the fact that the health information generally consists of immerse chalks of sensitive information. Thus,...
Introduction Budgeting can be defined as the allocation of resources to different sectors in an organization to improve productivity. Since the health industry is a broad scope comprising private and public sectors, the government is involved in the allocation and formulating of the budgetary protocols to be followed. The government...
Introduction Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) tends to affect both adults and children. It impacts millions of people globally and is mainly caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. CAP is acquired outside healthcare facilities and has an adverse effect on the lungs. It is advisable to take preventive measures and consult a...
Introduction In the analyzed case study, a college student, Jasmine Mack, and her mother, Jocelyn Mack, came to an appointment at the mental health center. The girl is 18 years old, and she seems to have a psychotic disorder. The initial interview helps the mental health specialist to assign a...
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is a federal organization that is responsible for providing Americans with health coverage and analyzing the quality of care medical facilities. One of the statements supported by the CMS is that inpatient admission prevention should improve the quality of care. Inpatient and...
Introduction Hospital settings are known to have complex care actions, which can lead to confusion and medical errors. For instance, patients admitted for delivery may be transferred to the surgery department for a cesarean. Patients are transferred between numerous units, which might increase the chances of medical errors (Ting et...
The perception of being Black is a problem in itself, and it becomes aggravated when one is deemed to have a mental condition. It begins with organizational culture in the context of the policies and protocols in place. The doctors have a misguided conception about being Black and, as a...
The water and electrolyte balance of the body is influenced by three hormones: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). They are responsible for the different processes in regulation, and one of the hormones’ removal can affect the whole system. To start, the antidiuretic hormone’s (ADH) primary role...
Mental health illness is a reality in many children’s lives, especially those in foster care. There are several ways of treating mental illness, with one of them being the administration of psychotropic medications. When appropriately used, medication can relieve the debilitating symptoms. In this case, Tasha is unresponsive to the...
Physical examination The components of the physical examination include the following: Palpation: this refers to a situation where the examiner locates something in the body by feeling it with bare hands. Percussion: Involves the act of gently tapping the body to assess any sign of ailments. Inspection: this is the...
The contentious issue is whether to put Jennie on a feeding machine or not. Jennie is a 76-year-old patient with hypertension, diabetes, and stroke. She is a mother to Mary. Jennie is incapable of caring for herself because of her health status. Mary took her to St Francis nursing center...
The health and safety of practicing nurses is an issue that is less talked about but it is still a major problem for Licensed Practical Nurses (Funnell, 2008). Occupational health and safety risks have increasingly gone high because many governments and healthcare organizations have done very little in addressing the...
Introduction Most patients consider the issue of informed consent as a broken promise in healthcare provisions. Informed consent covers all pieces of information the physician should allow the patient to know, alternatives, and pros and cons of such options, and then the physician should go with the patient’s option. This...
Introduction Over the last decades, converging pressures in nursing care, including cost-containment policies, mounting healthcare demands, and shortages in the supply of nursing professionals to deliver care, have fuelled the search for novel models of nursing care delivery that optimizes the utilization of available nursing resources while guaranteeing safe, high-quality...
Before defining the characteristics of research theories and models employed in health intervention, it should be stressed that health exploration is a discovery process based on the public venture. In this respect, all the assumptions and findings of the research will have a direct influence on society. In order to...
To win the confidence and trust of customers, it is important for an organization to assure them that it can address their needs in an efficient manner. In this case, an organization should notify its customers about the measures that it wishes to adopt in order to handle their needs...
Project Overview This project proposal is about research to study the effects of incorporating calcium and dairy products in diets of preschool children on body weight regulation. The project will identify 111 preschool children, who are obese, from a pediatric unit of various hospitals in Wisconsin, and my colleagues and...
Introduction Fredericson and Wolf (2005) state that the Iliotibial band syndrome is one of the major principal causes of pain experienced by athletes in the knees. According to the authors, the Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) occurs when the lateral femoral epicondyle and the Iliotibial band (ITB) slide against each other....
One of the major health complications in newborns today is their inability to maintain a stable internal environment within their body ‘Homeostasis’. With the increase in such cases among millions of babies born on a global scale, efforts to find remedies to mitigate the issue are paramount. Nonetheless, this poses...
Euthanasia is an ethically doubtful issue as one never knows whether his/her actions devoted to saving a life of a person are going to be effective or not. For example, considering two cases where people were dramatically injured in tragic events, one of them was left alive and another one...
Introduction Diabetes remains one of the major chronic conditions affecting many people in the globe. Statistics show that “over 29 million American citizens have diabetes” (Healthy People 2020, 2015, para. 3). This number is expected to rise in the coming years. A powerful healthcare plan will empower more people in...
Abstract As a psychological disorder, manic and depressive episodes occur intermittently among patients with bipolar disorder. Epidemiology shows bipolar mainly affect adults, and the global prevalence rate is 2.4% while the prevalence rates of the United States and South America are 4.4% and 2.3% respectively. Major causes of the disorder...