Tuberculosis (TB) is linked to morbidity, mortality, and devastating economic impact on healthcare systems, so medical professionals should be able to take urgent action to combat the disease. The issue of potential TB spread in the community presents a threat to public health and requires the nurse to follow a...
In the United States, the percentage of wasteful health care spending is often regarded as the highest one in the world. Researchers and experts have examined this issue with reference to the fact that the United States expends significant resources on health care, and much lost or wasteful spending can...
Implementations and changes that are oriented toward hospital improvement play a critical role in maximizing positive outcomes for patients. In this context, effective clinical and business solutions need to be proposed and realized to improve the quality of provided care. The improvement of patient outcomes along with the improvement of...
Errors occur in all spheres of human activity, and healthcare is no exception. From a professional point of view, there are two categories of failure, active and latent. The active ones are apparent; it is easy to identify the person responsible for them in such cases. In other words, these...
Today, there are numerous methods available for the process of delivery. One of them is water birth, which is characterized by a woman remaining in the water during all the stages of labor until the actual appearance of the baby. During the last decades, this option has gained popularity in...
Journal Reflection My reaction to an experience involving delegation of tasks that are non-nursing related was disappointing and humiliating. I was delegated cleaning tasks which I considered the role of ancillary personnel. Although I was able to work on the required tasks, I felt that it was unprofessional and uncalled...
Cross-training techniques tend to be a beneficial way to improve teamwork and collaboration among healthcare workers. Moreover, cross-training provides the small groups’ functionality in underemployment, even if the key workers get sick or take a vacation. This essay will provide details on some of the cross-training and whether they would...
Overview of the Event Hurricane Katrina is a deadly storm that resulted in terrible damage especially in New Orleans and the surrounding areas on the 29th of August 2005. The calamity led to unprecedented loss of lives, thousands of casualties with severe injuries, and severe destruction of property (Fussell, 2015)....
Abstract Every worker in each field is susceptible to injury in their workplace. However, health workers face a higher risk of injuries in developing many disorders such as back pain, muscle pain, and soft tissue-related pain known as musculoskeletal disorders. This population is experiencing higher rates of occupational accidents compared...
The case study presents an ethical dilemma in healthcare provision. It accounts for an older man named R.L. who had several conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, and kidney problems. His doctor noticed that he had reduced enthusiasm for activities he previously enjoyed and diagnosed him with depression. Soon afterward, he...
Interprofessional teams can be regarded as an approach widely accepted in the clinical setting. Different professionals work in teams to provide high-quality patient-centered care to a particular patient, which has a positive impact on their health outcomes. Being a nurse in a family primary care unit, I also work in...
Performance improvement models were adopted by the healthcare industry to assist in the process of systematic improvement, solve recurring problems, and enhance manager-employee communication. The models share similar steps towards quality improvement, including goal definition, analysis of current practices, improvement design, implementation, and success measurement (Spath, 2019). The FADE model...
The scenario describes a year-long campaign initiated by the inpatient geriatric medical nursing unit to improve patient satisfaction scores related to pain management. The unit received the lowest performance score on the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers (HCAPHS) survey among all divisions in the hospital. The interprofessional team working...
Introduction There is global recognition of the need to increase patients’ satisfaction with their services in health care organizations. The quality of medical care will always take precedence over the quality of food or other hospital amenities. If patients do not get decent medical care or have an adverse event...
Executive Summary On top of being a health crisis, COVID-19 is also a socioeconomic and information crisis. The pandemic has caused a global recession that has caused many people to end up in extreme poverty. Different actions need to be employed to curb the danger of spreading the virus. Vaccines...
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) website provides a journal of reports on technology impacts on healthcare provision and cyber-attacks. On 17th November 2021, a report argues that the Protected Health Information of about 127,800 patients may have been compromised after a ransomware cyber-attack, according to a notification...
Healthcare systems are complex frames, which require the implementation of elaborate strategies to contribute to the development. It is especially urgent for the management bodies since they are responsible for the decisions made and the strategies implemented. Therefore, today, one can identify seven main problems leadership faces in the healthcare...
The new primers’ analytical sensitivity was compared to that of previously reported N gene primers. 348 respiratory specimens were examined using this RT-PCR-hybridization approach, and 12 human coronaviruses were identified. RT-PCR-hybridization was used to amplify the M polypeptide sequences of HCoV-OC43 and the other strain of coronavirus, HCoV-229E. This strategy...
Introduction The study of episodic and autobiographical memory has been researched for decades. Technology advancement has enabled scientists to understand brain activity and processes clearer than in previous centuries. Autobiographical memory is the ability to remember one’s history, including the place of birth and childhood. It can be episodic (recollection...
Compared to Switzerland, the US spends twice as much on health. In 2019, the average cost of health care in the US was $11,582 per person (Chen et al., 2020). This expenditure is a result of the increased pay-outs to physicians and hospitals. Moreover, the expense also results from higher...
Summary In the article “Regenerative medicine breakthrough: “Dancing molecules” successfully repair severe spinal cord injuries,” Northwestern University (2021) introduces and shortly discusses the study conducted by its researchers under the leadership of Samuel I. Stupp. The latter author and his colleagues could successfully develop a new injectable medicine that allegedly...
The clinical site of my practice is East Orange General Hospital of New Jersey, and working there contains opportunities to involve in multiple specialties. The facility has three main Centers of Excellence: Family health, Weight loss, and Female health, and includes diagnostic, emergency, behavioral, and outpatient services (East Orange General...
The thyroid gland is located at the lower frontal neck region, and its function is to produce thyroid hormone secreted to the blood. Thyroid hormone helps the body keep warm, use body energy, speed up or slow down the heartbeat and keep the brain and muscles functioning correctly. The pituitary...
Nursing strengths Nursing strengths are essential in making a nurse practitioner’s career successful. They include time management skills, communication skills, compassion for the patients, flexibility, reliability, and critical thinking (Al‐Yateem et al., 2020). A nurse must know that patients need quick attention because the patients’ lives lie in the medic’s...
Shock is categorized as a medical emergency and occurs when the tissues and organs fail to receive adequate oxygenated blood. Therefore, burn shock is used to describe specific signs such as “decreased cardiac output, increased vascular resistance, hypovolaemia and hypoperfusion” caused by severe burn injuries (Curtis et al., 2019). Such...
Nursing best practices revolve around evidence-based practices to promote a healthy working environment and improved patient outcomes. The course prepared me to work in a professional setting by assisting doctors and all health professionals in caring for patients. These practices are judged and widely accepted as they conform to accepted...
Introduction The health care system in the US addresses the citizens’ access to the relevant services, financing of the workforce, and the development of related industries. Executing such a vital segment is challenging, and the regulations such as private insurance or unequal costs result in additional obstacles to the government’s...
Executive Summary Telemedicine is one of the technological developments in the healthcare sector, which can aid physicians to do a remote assessment, arrangement of meetings, do follow-up to patients, among others. Grand Hospital, which is a propriety organization located in a rural setting, can adopt this innovation to solve the...
In 2021, biotechnology discussion is mainly focused on AI and cell study. The latter field has blossomed recently, presenting numerous research on cell and gene modifications designed to combat serious and fatal diseases. R.M. Comisel and colleagues’ work sheds light on new developments in cancer treatment and the cost of...
Understanding how information flows in the hospital setting is crucial for a nurse to be able to identify patients’ needs, evaluate them, and meet them in the environment of the clinical setting and with the resources available at the time. Therefore, the role of healthcare informatics is paramount to the...
In recent years, the American health care delivery system has faced tremendous changes to deliver quality health care to Americans and find solutions for the emerging medical complications. America faces a high-aged population due to the increased life expectancy, poor lifestyles, and consumption of processed foods that have endangered American...
Introduction Organizations need to take the concept of strategic management seriously if they are to achieve this business aims. Such a process should attract all key stakeholders and leaders to ensure that timely results are recorded. The idea of change management and implementation begins with the identification of existing problems...
Abstract Anti-vaccination is a highly debated topic currently in Western public discourse. Moreover, the anti-vaccine movement continues to grow. According to Hussain et al., “there have been recent trends of parents in Western countries refusing to vaccinate their children” (1475). It is necessary to research the topic to grasp the...
Introduction The ethical decision-making model has guidelines that help nurses make up-to-date decisions while evaluating the consequences. Medical practitioners encounter ethical dilemmas daily in the fast-growing medical field. Therefore, ethical principles are crucial in clinical practice, especially when nurses must make informed decisions about their clients’ healthcare and note the...
The report is about St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, which specializes in advancing knowledge and treatment for children suffering from cancer and life-threatening illnesses. First, it analyzes historic legislation by the US Congress that has influenced the hospital’s operations. Second, it talks about how the services provided by the hospital...
Introduction The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Group, the National Pressure Ulcer Commission, the Advisory Panel, and the Pan-Pacific Injury Pressure Alliance have developed Pressure ulcer/injury prevention and management: A quick reference guide. The latest edition was published in 2019 and had the most relevant recommendations for preventing pressure ulcers and...
For the past few years, most US residents have turned to omega-3 fish oil supplements because they benefit healthy individuals and those with heart diseases. Omega-3 fish oil has docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Omega-3 fatty acids are vital nutrients necessary in preventing and managing heart diseases. Understanding...
Introduction My community is located in Philadelphia, PA, one of the largest U.S. cities and hometown of American democracy. It was founded in 1682 by William Penn, and its name is comprised of Greek words meaning “brotherly love” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2021). Philadelphia is the pioneer in U.S. healthcare, as the...
In the post, the classmate discusses the issue of the nursing population getting older, which results in staff shortages and as an implication, the reduced quality of healthcare being provided to patients. Like the population that nurses serve, the healthcare workforce is also getting older. According to Haddad, Annamaraju, and...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that has existed within the human race for decades, with no known cure identified to date. The virus kills immune system cells, reducing the body’s ability to fight other severe infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia, leading to its total damage when already...
Communication is a vital aspect in all organizations, including health care institutes. It enhances the maximization of the utilization of company resources as well as saves time when conducted in the right manner. A health care organization involves a variety of people who have diverse age groups, tribes, ethnicity, religious...
Health promotion is basically the process through which people are empowered to increase control over their health while enhancing quality of life. According to Taylor et al. (2020), the 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was a landmark document which laid out a concise statement of actions that healthcare practitioners...
Native American culture is an underrepresented but essential part of American society. Most of its members live on remote reservations and face various health problems due to limited access to health care resources, low incomes, cultural backgrounds, and traditions. At the same time, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one...
Any healthcare organization has a set of ethics that determines its values, employee conduct, patient treatment, and other moral aspects. For instance, such statements as respect for one’s culture or the promise of a safe environment may be considered while compiling the code (Pozgar, 2014). Those should not be empty...
In healthcare settings, registered nurses are expected to perform not only their professional duties but also work as advocates for patients’ interests. Thus, a registered nurse’s role in the sphere of patient advocacy is associated with acting on behalf of clients where it is necessary to provide support, assistance or...
Quality improvement strategies require the proper measurement of indicators related to the practice problem. Patient falls are included in the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI), allowing to evaluate and monitor staffing effectiveness (Yoder-Wise, 2019). The collaboration interview with the key leaders in my practice setting allowed me to...
Among the current trends in nursing homes where I work are the following. First, in connection with Covid-19, there is an increase in the financial burden on nursing homes. Compliance with the WHO requirement prompted the reorganization of the premises where patients were located. Instead of shared rooms where several...
Clinical Manifestations Mr. C exhibits several clinical manifestations that may raise a healthcare professional’s concern. He is obese (body mass index = 44.9), has a high cholesterol level, elevated blood pressure, abnormal respiratory rate, edema on his feet and ankles, pruritus, and sleep apnea. His fasting blood glucose amount (more...
The pre-operative period is the time the patient stays in the hospital from the time the diagnostic examination is completed, the diagnosis of the disease is made, and the decision to operate is made until the start of the operation. In addition to the primary activities related to the preparation...
Modern medicine has many and varied opportunities for development. A particular case is small medical organizations, which, thanks to the work of employees and state funding, are becoming more prominent and changing direction. This allows organizations to provide better medical services and treat more people. An example of such an...
The definition of health stated by the WHO: “health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being…” (1947), deals with only three primary aspects of health. However, specialists nowadays should consider many other aspects, such as spiritual, emotional, and even political ones. Health includes well-being in social, physical,...
The cost of health care in the contemporary world has increased drastically. The rise in the cost of health is because of the increase in the aging population as well as the developments in new treatments (Dickman, Himmelstein & Woolhandler 2017). Poor costing systems have serious consequences, especially when dealing...
Introduction Last decades people started to vaccinate themselves against different diseases. Some diseases are seldom in the United States because of immunization. It brings calmness and confidence to the people and makes frequent early illnesses as rare as possible. Humanity is interested in what vaccines do and starts to search...
Boyko, T. V., Longaker, M. T., & Yang, G. P. (2018). Review of the current management of pressure ulcers. Advances in wound care, 7(2), 57-67. The research work is a review of recent findings and helps the reader to choose the appropriate treatment by highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of...
Introduction Physical injuries to any part of the body cause significant pain and discomfort to the patient. Such traumas often require drastic lifestyle changes to ensure the injured individuals recover quickly and do not sustain additional damage. However, these changes, specifically prolonged bed rest, can result in the development of...
Introduction Some people may frown upon it, while others might nod their heads with their whole-hearted smile on their faces – no matter which category you belong to, as a person, especially as a person who must live in a neighborhood, the quality of the neighborhood has always been an...
Introduction Afton Hospital has 50 employees. All staff are members of the same trade union and differ by type of employment and age. The report on the composition of personnel requires an assessment of the impact of labor legislation, as well as optimization of resources, taking into account the possible...
Introduction Working as a nurse is a highly demanding profession that requires flexibility, in-depth medical knowledge, and correctly assigning tasks. Communication is a crucial skill, as it helps to make correct diagnoses and create support for the patient. With its help, nurses communicate their goals and objectives to other medical...
Male circumcision (MC) is a controversial topic, which evokes many arguments for and against it. I believe that the procedure’s benefits outweigh its risks. First, according to Morris et al. (2019), most of the arguments against MC are not evidence-supported and contradict research findings. For instance, opposing arguments claiming that...
The Covid-19 pandemic has had a tremendously negative effect on public health worldwide. Despite the efforts taken to address the health concern in question, it has been affecting an increasingly large number of people (Choi et al., 2020). In their study, Liu et al. (2020) seek to prove whether there...
Contribution of Christian Values to the Nursing Practice Nurses play a vital role not only in the healthcare system but also in the communities they live and work in. In undertaking their duties, nurses are required to conduct themselves professionally and ethically. Ethical values such as compassion, diligence, patience, and,...
Executive Summary Spending on the health care industry represents a substantial portion of the US economy, mainly because of drug pricing issues. Numerous factors explain the presence of this adverse phenomenon and its effects. Thus, the problem is that high prices result in the fact that medical services become less...
Introduction Dentistry is one of the prosperous spheres in the health care, as teeth are the essential elements of the human body. Furthermore, nowadays, dental caries is one of the most prevalent issues, and this fact makes it one of the most important diseases, which requires intervention (Centers for Disease...
Soho, London, in August 1854, was struck with a chronic outbreak of an infectious disease known as cholera. It is a gastrointestinal disease triggered by a bacterium, Vibrio cholerae. It can also prevail in areas with poor sanitation and poor hygiene of water and food. Its symptoms include nausea, vomiting,...
This paper presents the examination of a policy statement (access to women’s health care) with the aim of clarifying the underlying health issue and proposed interventions to address it. As declared by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), this policy is significant at state and national levels since...
The strategic national stockpile (SNS) is a national supply of life-support medications and equipment used in disastrous situations. SNS’s mission is to provide vitally needed medical resources to a national emergency site while local public health resources are overloaded. Stockpiles usually contain 12-hour push packages which include bandages, antibiotics, airway...
The West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus spread by arthropods that is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. Asymptomatic influenza, mild febrile syndrome (WNV fever), and neuroinvasive disease are the most common clinical syndromes (Mainali et al., 2011). When the SARS virus spread across the...
Scenario You are working in a community health clinic on a team that has an LPN, RN, and nurse practitioner. Your first client of the day is a tearful young woman who states that she has had a painful rash to her genital area for the past couple of days....
Introduction Efforts to maximize healthcare organizations’ ability to deliver high-quality services developed with reference to patient needs are critically important. Nowadays, multiple types of structures, including client-centered and organic ones, informal hierarchies, and social networks, are regarded as promising tools for care delivery improvement. The purpose of this paper is...
Introduction Managing and treating diabetes presuppose the increased attention to glycemic control as one of the major ways to preserve the desired states of patients and guarantee a high quality of life (Cowart, 2020). Most of the relevant medicines presuppose that post-meal sugar levels can be lowered by stimulating the...
Osteoporosis that means “porous bones,” is a medical disorder that leads to weakness of the skeleton or to the body’s inability to regenerate bones. Consequently, people, who suffer from this issue, are more amenable to fractures with ossa prone to break from falling or sneezing, depending on the extent of...
Introduction Ethics are essential in nursing to help nurses navigate through dilemmas and focus on patients’ positive outcomes. The medical field is complex with challenging decisions that compete with self, organizational, and patient interests. Nurses are patient advocates and must balance ethics and values to satisfy patient needs. Ethics helps...
Identification of the Issue and the Ethical Position The prescription of opiates by healthcare providers in the United States has recently become an issue. The painkiller abuse has led to around 500,000 emergency cases and hospital visits yearly (Bohnert et al., 2018). More than 10,000 Americans die annually due to...
The main problem that can be reported when nurses use social media is the violation of patients’ rights regarding privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality. If nurses use social media to publish different types of content and share the details of their nursing practice, there is a high risk that they will...
Situation Clinical nurses may undergo moral distress when they are in a dilemma between following a physician’s orders and trusting their clinical judgment. The physician continued to instruct the nurse to increase the dosage of morphine to a cancer patient experiencing severe pain. However, the nurse felt compelled not to...
Accreditation of health plans by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) requires their participation in the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) projects. The set of 76 HEDIS measures covers a range of health and customer service issues across five areas of practice and is employed by about...
Describing my background in social work training, it should be noted that I am a junior social worker at Vatsalya Adult Medical Day Care Center. This facility aims to provide the necessary care and treatment for the elderly. My responsibilities include admission, psychosocial Assessment, Mini-Mental Status Evaluation, care planning, and...
Problem Background Natural rubber latex or NRL allergy has profound impacts on professional dental facilities, and our organization is not an exception. Based on current research, due to prolonged exposure to NRL-containing supplies, dental professionals face tremendous risks of developing immediate and delayed skin and respiratory system reactions in the...
I interact with multiple individuals, including a few people that have psychological issues. Particularly, I know three people diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), and one of them has a dual diagnosis of MDD and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Both concerns are associated with numerous misperceptions, including those stemming from misrepresentation...
Introduction Technology in healthcare is defined as applying knowledge or skills in digital electronic tools to solve healthcare problems. In the healthcare community, technology has placed various potent tools on improving care, including the integration of electronic health records. In medicine, digital technologies help to transform unstable care systems into...
Obesity is a social health problem that needs communal intervention to solve. Healthy hospitals offer a viable alternative to addressing this challenge because of their vast outreach and influence within the community. A wellness program should focus on preventing obesity incidence and promoting healthy living among the people. My proposed...
Introduction Food plays an essential role in people’s lives; everyone needs it for existence. It provides humans with energy, nourishes their bodies, and it is vital for mental wellbeing. However, excessive consumption of food can also have detrimental effects on our health. By going through my food journal, I realized...
Introduction The quality of work of healthcare organizations depends not only on the specific professional qualities of employees but also on the culture of institutions and their effective management. For this reason, this presentation will study the main elements that shape the organizational culture of healthcare institutions and methods of...
The food industry is full of manipulative techniques aimed at wooing consumers, especially youngsters, to purchase various nutriment items. Annually, the sector spends colossal amounts of money on paid ads, which are designed to influence food purchasing preference (Vilaro et al., 2017). Explicitly, children remain easier targets than adults in...
Introduction The ONCC Radiation Therapy Certificate is significant in the healthcare industry since it provides participants with knowledge on how to treat various forms of cancer and what risks are associated with this process. The Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) (n.d.a) states that 80% or higher is a passing grade for...
It goes without saying that the pandemic caused by the spread of the coronavirus, its peculiarities, ways of prevention, and outcomes currently remain highly debatable, especially amid appearing statements related to new oncoming viruses. In the present day, COVID-19 may be regarded as a main international health problem. Initially identified...
Childhood obesity has become an evident problem in the United States. According to the Institute of Medicine, nearly one-third of all American children under 18 are overweight or obese. (as cited in Werner, 2017). This issue requires urgent addressing since obesity in childhood can cause diabetes or cardiovascular diseases in...
Introduction Worldwide developments in the areas of epidemiology, demographics, and socioeconomic changes, such as urbanization, globalization, and reductions in mortality and morbidity rates, have led to chronic disease prevalence, thus undermining the strategies put in place for health improvement. To address this challenge, access to preventive measures for the population...
Somalia’s healthcare system has been weakened by three decades of instability and civil war, the limited capacity of the state, and poverty-related deprivation. Indeed, out of the country’s 15 million people, it is estimated that close to 70% are living below the poverty line with 2.6 million have been internally...
Introduction Today, nursing qualities gain strong recognition in many academic facilities because millions of people around the globe choose this field for employment. Both developed and developing countries are interested in creating solid learning opportunities for students and attracting the attention of multiple stakeholders. The development of an evaluation process...
The classification of patients’ conditions is initially performed with the help of color-coded tags. This system includes four colors corresponding to one’s state: red, yellow, green, and black (“Disaster triage nursing (Color tagging & START method review),” 2020). They allow identifying the patients who are to be seen first and...
The theme of effective hand-washing techniques is more actual than ever, now, when Covid-19 remains a worldwide hazard. Thus, the presentation was met with great expectations and, in the end, left a good impression on the audience. The fact is that CAUTI remains the most common type of healthcare-associated infection...
Fluid and electrolyte balances influence many processes in the human organism. When these balances are disrupted, it influences and slows down many processes in the body. Fluid balance is the ratio between the amount of water that enters the body and the amount of fluid excreted from it over the...
Introduction Healthcare administrators are health managers in charge of health facility operations. Their duties include supervising staff, managing financial aspects, coordinating health and medical services, and developing workplace systems and procedures. My interest in healthcare administration is to provide medical treatment to individuals in correctional facilities. Incarcerated people face many...
In the United States, African Americans still meet some challenges related to care and treatment. Firstly, bias and racism may affect their health outcomes negatively. It is even possible to notice that whites have better chances of being treated for myocardial infarction than Afro-Americans, which is one of many instances...
Introduction As part of this assignment, I considered various options for continuing my nursing career, to determine the goals for my MSN course. The two specialties I selected are Nurse Executive (primary) and Family Nurse Practitioner (secondary). In this part, I compared the two prospective venues, provided justification for choosing...
Lisa Rae is a 78-year-old female who arrived in the ED with chief complaints of dizziness and a mechanical fall, plus pain in her right hip after the fall. Patient reports taking two tabs of hydrochlorothiazide. She was taking two tabs in the past, but her primary care provider recently...
My research topic is Hospital Errors and Infections, and their relation to the preventable death. Hospital-acquired infections and hospital errors are believed to be the main causes of the fatal outcomes during hospitalization and hospital treatment. They can lead to serious complications that prolong treatment and worsen patient’s health status....
Introduction The present paper is devoted to one of healthcare quality indicators: patient fall rates. It involves the analysis of the statistical data on the fall of patients in a Telemetry Unit that was recorded during four months. The purpose of this paper is to use the data to develop...
Introduction The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has developed several patient safety primers to act as guides for healthcare practitioners on safety suggestions to put into practice in health care institutions at the federal, state, and local levels. One of the patient safety primers touches on medication errors,...
Research Analysis Chart Clinical Problem Because of the inability to determine the emotions of unconscious or sedated patients, the members of the ICU often fail to prevent painful experiences that patients are exposed to during a range of procedures, such as mechanical ventilation, airway suctioning, etc. (Stites, 2013). Therefore, there...
Introduction Early Childhood Caries (ECC) refers to an infectious and chronic oral disease that is prevalent in young children, and it is common among minority and poor populations. Some public health programs that have been implemented following increased cases of ECC include fluoride therapy, intensive patient counseling, modification of diets,...