Introduction “Humans beings can eat just about anything as food, from mammary secretions (Milk) to mineral crystals (common salts) including fruits, flowers, seeds, stalks, Leaves, roots, seaweed, fungus, eggs of fish and birds or the dead bodies of various Animals” Modernization has resulted to an ever changing lifestyle, hence rising...
Resilience constitutes a withstanding potential against illness, adaptation, and surviving, the ability to bounce back or recover from stress (Bruce et al., 2008). This could vary greatly with a magnitude of a disease manifestation. For example, cancer is a major health problem. It may promote psychological stress to the patient....
Sequential Activation Apoptosis, which is the controlled death of cells in an organism, is important in order to remove damaged and aged cells from the system. A group of cysteine aspartic acid-specific proteases (also referred to as caspases) is the one that regulates this death process. Caspases are activated within...
Abstract The pediatric population has suffered from Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) from medicinal formulations that are intended for adults. This practice of unlicensed and off-label prescription is most widespread in children, especially in neonates and cancer patients. This is due to the insufficient drug development and clinical trials conducted in...
Summary The title of the article on medical literature is ‘Review of Symptomatic Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy by Dr. July, M. Wright. Dr. Wright is a specialist in pharmacology and the article attempts to outline how neuropathy symptoms caused by diabetes can be treated. Background The literature outlines how diabetes...
The greatest challenge facing medical professionals is to ensure that the patients are correctly diagnosed if subsequent treatment procedures are to be beneficial to the clients. A lot of money is spent by individuals as well as governments in the provision of health care. The essay identifies and discusses three...
Overall plan for implementing the proposed solution Overall methods used in the implementation of VAP prevention protocol was indicated as follows; head of the bed should be raised at an angle between 30° and 45°, then there is application of whole-body chlorhexidine-based medication which uses some small percentage of oil...
Introduction Many health facilities are continuously undertaking process improvement primarily aimed at reducing cases of medical errors and bring consistency in the standard of care received by patients. Hughes (2008) posits that majority of medical errors in a healthcare setting results from faulty and inefficient processes, changing case mix of...
The high levels that have along with Computer Tomography technology are currently making a major threat to the health of patients and CT administrators. Discussed is an analysis of the findings attained from the analysis of the reduction dosage threat. As a result, knowledgeable people and institutions have come up...
The following post is an attempt to explain why healthcare is a right, not a privilege. The question of whether healthcare is a right or a privilege is a controversial topic and a point of discussion in modern American society. Healthcare services are vital for every human being as they...
Introduction Background Information The brain is an integral part of any living organism. The brain receives blood from the heart and this blood contains oxygen and nutrients that nourish it. At the same time, it carries away any metabolic waste that result from breakdown of the nutrients. Of all the...
Introduction Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a protein enzyme found in the cytosol of human and bacterial cells. It exists as a monomer made up of 515 amino acids and a molecular weight of 59 kDa. (Glew & Rosenthall, 2009) It is found in all cells but its concentration...
Abstract Traditionally, people used to stay in quite undemanding houses. Whenever peoplesuffered from any sickness, majority declared the conditions of the houses the cause of the sicknesses. As a result, houses have gone through some modifications, with those of the recent UK depicting a significant difference, not only in shape...
Introduction Human civilization has from ancient times acknowledged the fact that children are the future of the present civilization. Our modern era also believes in these ideals and this being the case, our society has always strived to ensure that children and the youth are given the best opportunity to...
Abstract Studies indicate the attitude of health caregivers in dental care for people with disabilities to be positive. However, some negative attitude provides a strong barrier to the care and rehabilitation of individuals with disabilities and their integration into the community. This study identifies issues such as cultural values, religious...
Introduction The article being critiqued is titled “The effect of emergency department crowding on the management of pain in older adults with hip fracture” by Hwang, Richardson, Sonuyi, and Morrison (2006). Article Analysis Background information The researchers provide adequate background information on the topic. This background information mainly includes the...
In the human body, the thoracic structure has 12 bones together with other processes that join it to the ribs that are tactically positioned to avoid flexion (Romer and Parsons 161). In other versions; the thoracic vertebrae are also known as dorsal vertebrae. Most of the bodies forming thoracic vertebrae...
Introduction Maternal mortality is also known as maternal death or “obstetrical death refers to the death of a woman during or shortly after a pregnancy” (Arkutu, 1995). Globally the maternal rate was approximated to stand at 345, 000 in 2008 down from 526, 350 in 1980 out of the total...
Introduction Healthcare and poverty are two interrelated topics. Healthcare is directly dependent on the level of poverty within an area. It would be insincere to assert that poverty is the greatest threat to healthcare. Generally, poor people have to reckon with a myriad of illnesses as compared to wealthy people....
South Georgia Medical Center (SGMC) is a non-governmental not-for-profit referral hospital situated in Valdosta, Georgia. The hospital, with a bed capacity of 335, provides a wide range of health care services in the South Georgia and North Florida regions. In addition, it provides many employment opportunities to the locals of...
Millions of people in the world suffer from diabetes. To them, “life is a series of finger sticks, injections, and surges and dips in blood sugar levels” (Nazario, 2004). To date, manual methods have been the major means of managing diabetes among patients. The artificial pancreas is a promising addition...
Health care and technology became more than closely interrelated in the 21st century. Some years earlier, my attitude towards nursing informatics was rather skeptical, though I belong to those people who readily accept the innovations. With time, however, I understood that nursing informatics is responsible for the future of health...
Introduction Written by Dorgo, Robinson, and Bader, The Effectiveness of a Peer- Mentored Older Adult Fitness Program on Perceived Physical, Mental, and Social Function is a research document that seeks to compare the changes perceived in physical, mental and social function by Short Form-36 (SF36vr2) in a group trained by...
Introduction This article focuses on the endocrine system and its correlation with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by either lack of insulin or lack of response to insulin in body tissues. Structure of the endocrine system The endocrine system and the nervous system have evolved principally...
I am currently attached to the pediatric department of a hospital. This wing has the maternity ward and New Born Unit (NBU). I have come to identify an issue that needs to be addressed for the proper nursing care of the new mother. This is the lack of breastfeeding support...
Maternal, Infant, and Child Health: Outlook and Objectives Maternal, infant, and child health is a crucial component of the USA’s healthcare system as it aims at enhancing the well-being and health of pregnant women, newborns, and children. Since this aspect has a considerable effect on the development of the whole...
Introduction This is a case of 51 years old Douglas Adams, who was brought in the hospital by a friend confused and disorientated. His Glasgow coma rate was 14/15 on admission due physical injuries. He seems to be suffering from some spells of dizziness and unconsciousness. He is also anxious,...
The article “cross sectional study of effects of drinking green tea on cardiovascular and liver diseases” is a 1995 publication by K Imai and K Nakachi in the British Medical Journal volume 310, number 6981 from page 693 to 696. Imai and Nakachi (1995) sought to find out the connection...
Being one of the most developed countries in the world, it is a shame that America has not been able to provide quality healthcare equally to all its citizens. Everyone has the right to quality healthcare access at any time. However, the provision of healthcare access to the poor and...
Introduction The issue of responsibility and accountability of personnel and organizations dealing with healthcare matters requires extensive analysis of factors that affect the given circumstances before and after it occurs. This is because there can be different arguments when pursuing a possible suit, or trying to avoid one altogether. To...
Background of the study Obesity is a health complication associated with the excessive deposition of fats in adipose tissue. Relative to the body mass index (BMI), obesity is a term used to refer to persons with a BMI of 30-40. Conversely, obese individuals can be grouped into three categories, which...
Abstract This study has examined how Saudi Arabian dental practitioners perceive leadership and communication development programs in their field. The study utilized a researcher-administered survey questionnaire which includes closed and open questions. The questionnaire, called the Dentist Perception Survey Questionnaire, was initially developed by Victoroff et al. (2008). The data...
Abstract Blood transfusion administration is mandatory for clinical surgeries as well as emergency rescues. Blood is often reserved in blood banks awaiting use. However, blood storage lesion results in changes that affect the red blood cells hence changing the quality of blood as it ages. This paper articulates the negative...
The research was carried out using rats to find out if there is any relationship between venlafaxine and escitalopram treatments with NMDAR in the brain. The level of NMDAR was reduced in rats injected with depression. Venlafaxine treatment on rats administered with depression was found to prevent the reduction of...
Introduction Appropriate clinical documentation forms a basis for mental health care in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. It is essential to carry out a subjective assessment and diagnosis on a patient and this is made possible by the Mental Health Outcomes and Assessment Tools (MH-OAT). Unfortunately, reviews of critical incidents...
Most developed countries across the globe have a national policy that provides employees with paid time off to care for and bond with their children and for medical reasons. However, the U.S. does not have such a policy and it is the only country in the Organization for Economic Cooperation...
Introduction Evidence-based medicine is a concept that has come to be incorporated and practiced in various sectors of medicine. It is regarded for its independence as well as validated advice. In addition to this evidence-based medicine has also been defined as “the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise...
Healthcare research involves using human subjects to investigate various aspects of physiology, disease mechanisms, patients’ behavior, and the effectiveness of treatment regimens. Such research may pose risks to individuals participating in the study; hence, adequate measures must be initiated by the relevant parties to mitigate them. For instance, the use...
Diagnostic-imaging refers to technology-driven medical practice through which the health situation of a patient is investigated by healthcare personnel. Imaging devices are utilized for capturing images through x-raying, scanning and ultra-sounding of internal organs for onward medical prediction, interpretation or diagnostics. Due to the changing complexity of diseases, medical imaging...
Introduction The training of a midwife calls for the use for methods that can help improve learning and service delivery. One of the Invaluable tools for medical practitioners in the improvement of their practice is the use of reflection. This has brought about a boom in research as to the...
Introduction Health and human services are very crucial in contemporary society much more than they used to be some decades back due to the changing phases of human civilization. It is also imperative to note that health and human services entail all those activities that revolve around the provision of...
Issues from Cicek Olcay’s Health Analysis The medical report of Cicek Olcay presents the health complexities of a 53-year-old Turkish lady as recorded at Day-Procedure-Unit (D.P.U.). The scenario typically identifies a lady who ignores a health-watching lifestyle. Ordinarily, persons who are 40 and above should take their health seriously in...
Cicek Olcay, a Turkish woman of 53 years of age, had been admitted for acute right upper abdominal pain. She had elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. The surgery was uneventful and the patient was transferred to the post anesthetic recovery room (PARU). After monitoring her for 30 minutes she...
Nursing profession has been valued for its critical role in the provision of quality health care for the public as it applies specialized and effective knowledge and skills in ensuring health care. Nursing profession helps acquire leadership skills which helps create positive transformations in health care policy as well as...
The Purpose was to investigate the processes that families have been using to care for the depressed and suicidal loved ones at home (Nosek, 2008, p. 36). This was qualitative study that used the ground theory for data collection and analysis. The author, Dr. Nosek is well conversant with depression...
Problem Statement and Research Design The problem statement identified in the study is the existence of a disconnection between the policies made by government health economists and the application of the policies by health practitioners (Neumann, 2008, p. 2173). The study, therefore, sought to explain the dynamics leading to this...
Abstract The technology that has become useful in healthcare organizations is Computer-Assisted Coding (CAC). This technology has saved time and revenueforfforr the organizations and achieved productivity in the industry. Generally, with its introduction into the system, the coders thought of it as their replacement but soon with its implementation realized...
Introduction to Palliative The “Palliative” word has been derived from the Latin word ‘Pallium’, which means cloak or cover. Palliative care focuses on the relief of pain and other symptoms which are of serious illness. It is not the same as hospice care; palliative care is set with the goal...
Doctoral Program The nursing doctorate program is based on several competencies. The competencies allow the graduates to utilize clinical scholarship and analytical methods for evidence-based practice. At the end of each semester, graduates are expected to have advanced their competency levels successfully. Earning a doctorate nursing practice degree requires a...
Sung, Young Hee., Kwon, Gak., Ryu, Eunjung. 2008. Blended Learning on Medication Administration for New Nurses: Integration of E-Learning and Face-To-Face Instruction in the Classroom. Nurse Education Today, 28(8), 943-952 The topic is very precise and sets the context of the study by highlighting the exact research problem. The title...
Research practice refers to the process of inquiry with an aim of obtaining knowledge. Research theory on the other hand refers to the actual product of knowledge. It is worth noting that both research practice and research theory are integral in the acquisition of knowledge. The understanding of both is...
Nursing include direct interaction of patients; they play a vital role in the delivery of quality and timely health services. The nature of their work demand that they uphold high level of professionalism and integrity: they are people who need to make sound decisions and make objective reports and recommendations...
The focus of Situational Interaction (Either patient/client concern or nurse concern): The client is a Japanese boy aged 7 years and a school-going child. The boy was recently diagnosed with Type I diabetes. The client and his mother were referred to a pediatric clinic for advice on the type of...
Introduction Atrial fibrillation, the commonest arrhythmia in clinical practice, has a fatal ending leading to a rise in mortality. Sudden death, congestive heart failure and stroke are the usual consequences of atrial fibrillation and all are fatal or associated with a poor quality of life (1). The situation and understanding...
Abstract Based on statistical data gathered from the Internet and up-to-date literary sources, the question about the effectiveness of nursing education and practical skills of caregivers has been raised. Nursing is the sphere that requires constant improvements and innovations to provide patients with the necessary support and care. It has...
Introduction Palliative care usually refers to medical care which helps to reduce the symptoms of diseases for those patients who suffer incurable diseases rather than providing them with the treatment. The main aim of palliative care is to lessen the disease symptoms instead of stopping the illness to enhance the...
Taking care of patients and being compassionate to them is the primary role of a nurse. For years there have been major improvements in the nursing practice creating the best environment for the interaction of patients and nurses. The relationships that are established in the nursing practice are not just...
Introduction Nursing refer to the process of taking care of the patients which is done by a qualified and a certified nurse. It can be done either in the hospital ward, in the individual house or in an institution like of the disabled or the aged. It should be noted...
The importance of community health issues cannot be underestimated because they are directly related to the health indicators in the entire nation. A community holistic health cannot be attained when issues that impediment health care delivery are addressed in a proper manner. According to Booth and Luker (1999) and Sines...
Introduction In every organisation, whether service, goods, public or private, human resources is required for an effective operation. Broadly heath care industry, human resources teams contain physicians, doctors, nurses, and administrative staffs; shortage of either of the category affects the efficiency and quality of service offered (Bruce and Fottler 13)....
Introduction Taking care of wounded patients and its efficacy depends on the processes followed as well as documentation. In this regard, the concept of Hospital in the Home (HITH) mentioned by Tran & Taylor (2009) will be useful while reviewing and discussing wound care and documentation as the range of...
How Indoor Air Quality Affects Occupants’ Health and Comfort in Offices Overview A number of diseases have been associated with the office environment like sick building syndrome (SBS) and building related symptoms (BRS); in this chapter, they will be analysed first. Thereafter, a comparison of SBS and BRS will be...
Introduction As with most other professions, all nursing profession practitioners are bound by rules and regulations that govern how they go about their duties. These rules and regulations are sometimes legally enforceable. Nurses also face numerous ethical issues in the line of duty. While some of these ethical issues are...
Introduction Nursing theories are innovative and original ideologies that explain the uniqueness and associations in the nursing discipline. While learning about these theories, I noticed that they had one common goal i.e. solving the questions and anonymity in the nursing practice. Myra Levine, Jean Watson, Martha Rogers, and Dorothea Orem...
Introduction Scientific knowledge in healthcare governed by proper conduct and ethical conduct forms an excellent nursing profession for better healthcare services. Unlike other professions, nursing entails self-governing and moral responsibility. Since 1920, Americans have witnessed several developments in the field of nursing. Moreover, this decade marked the period when medical...
Nursing shortage ‘Many states and nations are already facing an impending shortage of nurses which is expected to go high as the year’s progress. However, communities, organizations, and individuals need to get together to address the issue of nurse shortage’. Introduction The issue of stress in the nursing practice that...
Family health is of prime importance and to maintain this maintaining a family health history is essential. According to NIS Senior Health “A family health history is a written record of a family’s health….It’s like a family tree for health” (NIS 2010). Thus, for the family health assessment, I have...
Introduction Advanced nursing practice has emerged during the last few decades. This is due to the recognition by healthcare organizations and organizations across the globe that maximizing the contributions made by nurses to health through increasing their roles is an efficient approach to enhance health services. Although the development of...
Introduction The diagnostic accuracy of radiology departments has tremendously increased in the last three decades after the invention of computed tomography (CT).Computed Tomography is a good example of a non-invasive imaging technique thus making it applicable in imaging diagnostics. Nevertheless, there are several different types of CT artefacts which lead...
Abstract This clinical change proposal seeks to introduce an exercise leaflet to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) amongst the elderly and immobile patients that have been admitted to a hospital. In light of this, the proposal endeavors to place emphasis on the targeted patients, so that they may take responsibility...
Introduction Physical and mental health reflects the personality of a person. For increasing productivity, happiness in a human being’s life health is a major and important factor. A person is considered mentally healthy, only if he/she possesses good physical and mental equilibrium. This is because there is a clear and...
Williams, L., & Irvine, F. (2009). How can the clinical supervisor role be facilitated in nursing: a phenomenological exploration. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(4), 474-483. The authors and researchers from John Moores University and Bangor University in England utilized data collected from clinical supervisors in one of the National Health...
Introduction Problem The phenomenon of pressure ulcers is unfortunately common in a significant portion of hospital patients. Due to immobility and the related issues, patients often suffer from pressure ulcers, which complicate the treatment process, contribute to comorbid issues and nosocomial infections, and increase the length of the hospital stay....
All people have characteristics that make them unique. As I want to apply to the Trinity Washington University School of Nursing program, I understood that it is an appropriate time to evaluate my strengths and weaknesses for my development both as a person and a professional. First of all, I...
Long-term medical care in America has been long-term. The chronology of long term care has been widely published in articles and books ranging from how it has grown from inadequate facilities, staff, financial support to care for the old, sick, and needy in America to the introduction of regulations that...
A critical appraisal is a procedure of cautiously and methodically probing a study to review its trustworthiness and its value and importance in a specified context. It is an indispensable proficiency for evidence-based medicine as it allows medical practitioners to acquire and use research proof dependably and competently Everybody would...
Introduction Nursing is regarded as a noble profession. There are many professions, but noble professionals can be counted with fingers. If the names of such professions are asked, one might mention social work, teaching, and other professions that are beneficial to mankind. But the list is literally incomplete without the...
There are several reasons why it is important to line the PVC with a plasticiser. This is in order to reduce breakage of the bag and to increase the container’s pliability. Effects of Plastic Blood Bags The plasticiser is likely to leach into the blood components stored therein The plasticiser...
Human mortality is a difficult topic that many people are not prepared to acknowledge. In the case of a patient who is 80 years and knows that they are dying, one has to consider that this person is likely going through anticipatory grief. The patient is looking back at their...
Introduction The importance of palliative care strategies emanates from the fact that interpretation of events is much more important than the reality itself (Corey, & Corey, 2007). Thus, it is important to help cancer patients interpret positively, whatever they are going through. There is a need for strategies that lead...
Introduction This paper is based on a critical appraisal of studies regarding medical care. The importance of performing this task is to be able to examine and judge the trustworthiness, value, and relevance of this particular healthcare activity. Critical appraisal is a very critical skill that is used in evidence-based...
Nursing as a profession may simply refer to having attained knowledge and skills of a body through extensive study to a point of mastering. Profession refers to a vocation gained with prior specialized study through training over a period of time. For a vocation to be a profession an individual...
Introduction Nursing plays a major role in the health sector and delivery systems not only by offering care services but also by involvement in the disease management practices and set of guidelines for handling infections as well as influencing the level of professionalism accorded to nurses. Although the role of...
The development of an evaluation for nurses in class is essential for identifying the achievement gaps and improving nurses’ overall performance. Regarding the topic of family-centered care in the ICU, the evaluation criteria should be focused on assessing and measuring the following skills and abilities: evaluating the effectiveness of information...
Introduction Hypertension is one of the most notable chronic conditions affecting a significant number of people today. For instance, latest medical statistics reveal that about 67% of Americans today over the age of sixty are high blood patients with similar figures being reported in countries like Australia and Canada (Black...
Introduction Teaching in nursing comprises of theories, methods and systems. In today’s world, it is not easy to come up with an effective learning environment especially in nursing education (Young & Paterson, 2007). This is partly because the nursing students are extremely diverse. Therefore, the nurse educators should understand the...
Introduction Theories can provide nurses with the basis or rationale for making decisions. Dorothea Orem’s theory, also known as Dorothea Orem’s model of nursing, evolved with the idea that when one is unable to perform activities individually to maintain activities of daily living such as maintaining health and well-being, nurses...
Introduction Humanity is a description of individuals and experiences from varied dimensions of life ranging from biological, psychological, social, and physical as well as spiritual aspects. Human beings are continuously developing but remain unique though individual functionality is affected by different variables. Human behavior is at times predictable while other...
Article Krein, S., Heisler, M., Piette, J., Makki, F., & Kerr, E. (2005). The Effect of Chronic Pain on Diabetes Patients’ Self-Management, Diabetes Care 28(1), 65-70. Graphic of Article Article Krein, S., Heisler, M., Piette, J., Makki, F., & Kerr, E. (2005). The Effect of Chronic Pain on Diabetes Patients’...
Introduction Since the beginning of 20th century, nursing profession has continued to evolve with development of technical machines and appropriate medicine. Nursing practice is no longer considered an occupation but a fully developed profession. The evolution has seen change of training mechanism and for APNs, a master’s degree is now...
Introduction Nursing section is the largest in health care section and charged with most duties concerning the patients. When there is a shortage of nurses in health care sector, many issues get jeopardized and healthcare service delivery to the patients is derailed. To ensure proper health care delivery, the number...
Introduction Diabetes as a public health problem impacts people who live with the disease psychologically, socially which results into economic stress. This calls for close intervention of specialist nurses in healthcare provision to control the complications of the disease, enabling the victims to manage their diabetic conditions. Thesis Statement This...
Introduction The ever changing multicultural world in terms of demographics and social economic perspectives combined with the disparities that exist in the health sector has pushed the nursing practitioners to rethink the role of culturally competent health care. The disparities in delivery of culturally competent care is worsened by the...
Introduction A premature infant is a very sensitive and vulnerable being. It has organs that have not completely matured. Hence, the infant must be accorded special care in a nursery to sustain the development of organs and guarantee its survival. Nevertheless, infant mortality rate has been increasing at an alarming...
Managed Care Philosophy and Initiatives directed at Prevention and Health Maintenance The health care system of the United States has seen drastic changes in the past decades. One of these changes has been the rapid growth of health maintenance organizations. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) can make significant contributions to the...
Introduction Clare is a lung cancer patient who has just been referred to a community palliative care services. This is a support strategy aimed at helping her to get adequate care for her condition. Palliative care is given to a patient suffering from a terminal disease. Its aim is not...
Defining the null and experimental hypothesis Since the present paper is devoted to methods of analyzing cochlear non-linearity, it is necessary to define the preferred method that should be used in order to achieve efficient results of the experiment. The issue is to define two-tone suppression with the help of...
The function of human body is determined by various factors that play key role in contributing to physiological or homeostatic pathway regulation. This in turn relies on the vitality of the body fluids like serum or plasma as there are inherent essential components being present like proteins, coagulating factors, hormones...
“Childhood trauma and risk for chronic fatigue syndrome association with neuroendocrine dysfunction” is authored by Christine Heim, Urs M. Nater, Elizabeth Maloney, Roumiana Boneva, James F. Jones and William C. Reeves and published in 2009 in the Archives of General Psychiatry Journal volume 66, number 1 from page 72-80. Heim...
What’s New? The article “Less Invasive Lymph Node Biopsy Method Could Spare Thousands Unnecessary Operations” discusses a new technique known as ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (US-FNAC), which has been developed by a team of medical scientists led by Dr. Christine Voit, director of the diagnostic unit at the Skin Cancer...
We should keep our teeth, tongue, and gum clean to prevent oral diseases and bad odors. Gum diseases and cavities are problems caused by poor oral hygiene. When teeth and gum are not properly cleaned after eating, plaque forms. This is a sticky layer where bacteria multiply and produce toxic...
Effective disposal of healthcare waste products is a key element in ensuring that waste products from the industry do not result in environmental pollution. According to Johannessen, Dijkman, Bartone, Hanrahan, Boyer &Chandra, 2000, p.22), health care waste refers to all the waste which results from various healthcare establishments, laboratories, emergency...