Introduction As human beings live in a diverse environment, they own distinct senses, which enable them to live and interact with the world efficiently. All human beings’ actions are usually a replica of what their senses perceive (Olivers 37). Senses guide people in picking items from their surroundings depending on...
Abstract Organizations have different ways of finding the best way to solve their problems. The medical industry is one that requires very close observations. The nursing career needs hospitals to provide the best environment for completing tasks. One of the ways to do this is through hourly rounding. The 48...
Summary Tracheal suctioning is now a common procedure for many patients with artificial airways. The process, however, presents risks and may cause deterioration in patients if not used effectively. Current literature suggests that suctioning procedure can be improved through evidence-based practices. An implementation plan, therefore, relies on the best available...
Florence Nightingale is seen as a pioneer in the sphere of nursing. She was also one of the first theorists of nursing that contributed greatly to the development of the nursing practice (McEwen, & Wills, 2014). She also developed the so-called, environmental theory that is still utilized in many settings...
Visual Map I work in a level one trauma center where bullets and gunshots are the diagnosis codes. The healthcare organization uses a HIT system that helps to coordinate the sharing and usage of healthcare data across departments. Healthcare technology is aimed to improve the quality of healthcare offered to...
Social responsibility refers to specific guidelines for enforcing ethical behavior among professionals. It also promotes values that require organizations and professionals to strike a balance between making profits and creating sustainable ecosystems (Wilmot, 2012). Accordingly, social responsibility promotes values such as supporting welfare of the community and environmental conservation. The...
Introduction Advanced Role Practitioners (ARPs) must possess unique competencies in order to achieve their goals. Many ARPs have unique skills depending on their specialties. This approach will make it easier for them to focus on the best practices. The “core competencies of Nurse Practitioners (NPs) encourage them to support the...
Introduction Nursing practice requires proper maintenance of patient records to ensure that accurate information is shared among the health workers. The status of a patient should be described in depth to boost understanding about their conditions among nurses and other clinical specialists. This method of recording patient information involves the...
To the Editor In your article, Immigrant Nurses Face New Hurdles with Ontario’s’ Licensing Changes, you assert that about 75% of immigrant nurses fail new screening exams for registered nurses because they have gaps in their careers, yet they do not find bridging programs to fill these gaps. Your assertion...
Introduction Many professionals “define nursing as a science” (Laschinger & Fida, 2014, p. 22). Nurse Practitioners (NPs) acquire knowledge and skills through continued experimentation. This argument explains why nursing is an evidence-based science. The occurrence of obstacles is something common in this profession. Nursing should therefore “be a problem-solving practice...
Introduction Advanced nursing education makes it easier for caregivers to offer competent care to different patients. A master’s degree in nursing education equips individuals with appropriate skills. Such skills encourage them to provide effective health care. AACN monitors the development and evolution of these roles in order to achieve the...
Nurse understaffing has been cited in the mainstream scholarly literature as leading to a number of adverse effects including poor patient outcomes, increase in nurse workload and job dissatisfaction, as well as financial cost implications for healthcare institutions (Martin, 2015). This paper reports on the findings of interviews held with...
Personal Values and Beliefs Effective nursing leaders not only know their leadership values and beliefs, but they also pursue and apply them in decision-making. Kouzes and Posner (2012) state that clarity of leadership values enables a leader to make good choices and remain committed to his or her chosen course...
Support Strategies The selected healthcare organization for this exercise is a nursing home. This organization “offers effective care to individuals who cannot cope with their daily activities” (Ginter, Duncan, & Swayne, 2013, p. 28). The best value-added service that can support many patients is the provision of quality nursing services....
Problem Statement All human beings can commit errors; however, errors committed by nurses during their practice are on the rise. Whenever people are tired, their concentration level decreases considerably, hence, there is a very high probability of them committing errors. In most cases, nurses are forced to work for extra...
The problem of obesity in children did not just happen by accident, fundamental changes in society are the main causes of the increase in incidences. Similarly, there is a recorded increase in incidences of cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes mellitus among children with obesity being the leading predisposing factor....
The practical purpose of the nursing theory is to prepare the highly qualified professional, who has a good understanding of this subject. The nursing practice is a multifarious variety of situations, where a huge amount of theoretical knowledge. In their daily activity, the practicing nurses have to provide the patient...
Introduction A theory is integral in nursing because it enables nurses to conceptualize their duties and perform them systematically. Essentially, a nursing theory comprises concepts, ideas, principles, models, assumptions, and propositions, which elucidate a given phenomenon in nursing. Given that nursing practice involves diverse activities, a nursing theory acts as...
Introduction Doctorate programs have been offered in colleges for centuries. However, Bennett (2006) asserts that it was not until the 20th century that the education about doctorate degrees in nursing began in the USA. Nursing doctoral programs in America started during the 20th century as a sub-faculty of other fields....
Introduction Exercising leadership and intrinsic management in the nursing environment is critical towards handling different patient cases within the code of guideline for practicing nursing. Specifically, it is important to integrate the code of nursing practice with different environments to ensure that ethical dilemmas do not arise (Casey & Wallis...
Introduction Teaching is a process that involves varying interactions between students and teachers with a view of sharing information. Its primary purpose is to impart knowledge to the learner. However, possession of the required skills does not mandate a person to be a teacher. Teaching competency demands a combination of...
A systematic review entails a comprehensive evaluation of the behavioral social as well as policy frameworks that identify the related and relevant literature (Bowling 2005, p54-63). This paper uses the available information on Enteral feeding as a basis for the creation and development of a framework for conducting an extensive...
Introduction King’s theory of Goal attainment (developed in the 1960’s) outlines a dynamic interpersonal relationship where a patient cultivates certain life goals. The theory has been applied over the years to help patients set health goals and achieve them. This is evident with the enactment of the Patient Self-Determination Act...
Introduction Health care workers may be people who provide different services related to the treatment of illnesses. The work of health professionals and their operations is under the control of national authorities which are controlled by regulatory bodies to ensure that quality services are provided. When combined, they form the...
Background of Study Nursing requires a multitude of medical knowledge, experience, and sufficient communicative skills. Two studies have been conducted exploring the issue of students’ challenges in clinical practice. The first one is “Theory and practice in the construction of professional identity in nursing students: A qualitative study” by Jamshidi...
According to the Joint Commission, medical errors are linked to the death of at least 60,000 patients every year (2012). In addition, health care workers experience a high rate of non-fatal occupational illness and injury (The Joint Commission, 2012). The proponents of this study are in agreement with The Joint...
Autism Management using EEG Approximately 1% of children across the globe have autism. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of autism spectrum conditions is still in the dark times since it remains a perplexing and biased practice where physicians convey their judgment following observation of the behaviors of a child and evaluating past...
Introduction The significance of nurse staffing to the delivery of quality health care to patients was “the most important finding in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee report” (Wunderlich, Sloan, and Davis, 1996, p. 92). The report showed that “nursing was a critical factor in determining the quality of care...
Benefits and challenges of health informatics Health informatics is the use of information technology tools in the health profession. Nursing informatics has many applications in the nursing profession because nurses apply information technology tools with the aim of improving nursing care (Cesnik & Kidd, 2010). Health informatics ensures that nursing...
Abstract This paper summarizes the article titled “optimizing the assessment of pain in children who are cognitively impaired through the quality improvement process”. The paper will analyze the methods of the experiment based on the objectives. Consequently, the limitations of the experiment will be documented to improve the research validity....
Abstract Occupational therapists as sometimes described as OTs are the ones who have been known to add a purpose to the lives of disabled people. This list includes the people who have been inflicted with some disease as well the ones who have suffered an accident and are trying to...
Problem Identification While working as a skilled nurse at the Arizona Center for Specialized Treatment, I noted that the greatest risk in post-operation surgery is a decrease in mobility of the patient who is in the process of recovery. As a result of the reduced mobility, patients are exposed to...
Introduction Nurse Practitioners (NPs) and caregivers should support the health needs of their patients. Such NPs must also make accurate and professional decisions to achieve the best healthcare outcomes. Caregivers should be moral agents of positive health practices. Different “nursing leadership theories encourage healthcare professionals to use evidence-based practices and...
Summary Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection that is acquired in hospitals. It is considered among the most commonly acquired hospital infections, especially among pediatric patients in the intensive care unit. This infection is diagnosed via empiric therapy, which is considered to be around 50% of the antibiotics used in...
Introduction Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) refer to diseases that patients contract while undergoing medical or surgical treatment (Klevens et al, 2002). HAIs cause many deaths that are preventable if precautionary measures are implemented. Their effects have adverse implications on the health care sector because they lead to increase in health care...
Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) entails a group of genetic diseases that result in hemolysis as a result of polymerization of hemoglobin when it is deoxygenated. This disease has a low life expectancy due to associated complications, chronic and episodic pain and reduced quality of life. However, pain is the...
Introduction Errors in healthcare often lead to a variety of negative outcomes which can even result in a patient’s death. It is necessary to note that around 30% of all administration errors are medication errors and nurse practitioners participate in the process of medication prescription (Anderson & Townsend, 2010, p....
Introduction This exercise aims to comprehend an ethical-legal challenge that I experienced during my clinical attachment at the radiology department at King Fahad Hospital. I applied the theory I learned at Curtin University in this situation. Moreover, I also used a problem-solving and reflective practice approach to complete this task...
Research problem research in caregiving for patients with heart failure is not sufficient to prioritize intervention areas. Records indicate that caregivers of heart failure patients face increased mental and physical health challenges. However, no guiding models or frameworks exist on the caregiving of heart failure. A need for consistent measures...
Introduction Healthcare organizations constantly experience new challenges, which compel them to respond positively through planned change. The respond constitutes planned change as it enables healthcare organizations to overcome their challenges and provide effective, safe, and quality services to the patients. Planned change does not occur accidentally as Marquis and Huston...
Introduction Nursing is a major profession that has employed millions of people worldwide. There are a lot of factors that qualify the nursing career as a profession. These include the fact that an educational background is required before it can be practiced and that members in this field adhere to...
How the nurse should respond to Mrs. Nasser’s Request This case study calls for cultural awareness and competence in nursing. The nurse should begin by agreeing with Mrs. Nasser because she is right about her cultural views. The best thing is to communicate and mentor the client. Mrs. Nasser should...
Summary While following Essential IV: Information Management and Application of Patient Care Technology, it is important to note that the nurses should focus on developing their technical skills and competency in order to respond to the modern trends in nursing. It is stated in the Standard that the nurses’ technical...
Effective Leadership Within a Coalition Leadership is a powerful practice in every nursing coalition. Effective leadership emerges when the right individuals are included in the targeted coalition. Such members should have similar values, expectations, and goals. The leader should “promote powerful practices such as teamwork, effective communication, problem-solving, and decision-making”...
Introduction In the course of completing the practicum project, one has to deal with a number of cases within a day. As a result of this, it may be really difficult for that individual to carry out a comprehensive assessment on every patient seen in the course of the day....
Introduction A fall may be described as the situation whereby an individual finds him or herself on the ground involuntarily. Some of the major issues faced by health care facilities include patient falls. Patient safety is every hospital’s priority and this includes ensuring the prevention of patient falls. However, falls...
Introduction Autism and epilepsy can be serious mental health problems although an early detection of these health complications can lead to proper management and control of the symptoms associated with them (Pop-Jordanova et al. 4). Over the years, autism and epilepsy have been psychological conditions that have persistently subjected families...
Introduction Breast cancer epidemiology According to Breast Cancer Care, about 55,600 persons are confirmed to have breast cancer in the United Kingdom on an annual basis. It is estimated that about 500,000 mortality cases are attributed to breast cancers annually. In comparison to other parts of the world, Europe is...
A summary of the report of the Institute of Medicine Nursing requires rigorous training. The occupation usually aims at improving the quality of life of individuals and communities. Nurses form the biggest section of the health care population in the US. They play critical roles in the achievement of healthcare...
Introduction The issue of criminal prosecution for nurses who fail to observe safety precautions when they are treating patients needs to be examined further. In some instances, nurses are instructed by physicians and pharmacists to offer their patients treatments which are not appropriate for their wellbeing. This paper will discuss...
Introduction The quality revolution is currently transforming the health care sector (Cama, 2009). The health care sector and the public are now informed of the need to improve the health care processes. Equally, increased competition in the sector is now forcing health care institutions to improve the quality and safety...
Introduction Generational breach is an element of current world. It leads to disagreement among individuals in a given generation. Currently, the field of nursing experiences tremendous challenges; nurse leaders have the role of responding to diverse beliefs, attitudes, and habits of other team nurses for success of their career. The...
The article “Sisterhood of the Tent” highlights the importance of teamwork among nursing professionals to ensure safety and efficiency in the provision of healthcare. Collaboration between the five nurses highlights the enhancement in nursing outcomes due to effective communication, improved knowledge among colleagues, sharing of goals and vision, and job...
Introduction Healthy people 2020 provides an outline of the fundamental aspects of community health (Healthy People 2020, 2013). Analysts use the eight subsystems to evaluate a community’s well-being and to determine their social status (Lundy & Janes, 2009). The paper gives recommendations on the areas that need improvement to make...
Introduction Community health assessment is a critical tool in locating the health dynamics within a geographical region. Community and public health assessments provide the necessary data in understanding the health concerns, health policies, health indicators, and other health needs of a community. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to carry out...
Introduction The information should be accurate between the patient, family members, and the care providers to ensure that quality service is offered. The care providers need to learn about family background and culture and traditions. This will enable them to create a conducive environment for the health care workers Much...
Nurse’s personal communication devices: ethical and legal implications Nurses can use personal communication devices to provide quality care to their patients. The use of such devices can affect the quality of patient care either negatively or positively (Hebda & Czar, 2013). Some of these devices include smartphones, mobile phones, video...
This is a narrative or a journey of a tuberculosis patient (Abdi Adan – not his real name) who is a homeless person in London. The purpose of the narrative is to help us understand psychological, cultural, and sociological perspectives from the patient’s point of view. In the past few...
Introduction Hillary Lloyd and Stephen Craig (2007) wrote the article “A guide to taking a patient’s health history” to delineate the process and rationale through which a patient’s health history should be taken in a clinical setting. The article was published in ‘The Nursing Standard Journal’ in August 2007. Apart...
Technology has become an integral part of today’s life and every field is bound to utilize technology in one way or the other. Nursing informatics is a branch of science that entails the integration of nursing with information and communication technology in the provision of efficient care (Murphy, 2010). The...
Abstract This paper is an integrative review regarding the education and training requirements of critical care providers during pandemic outbreaks. It shows that different jurisdictions have different education requirements for critical care providers to work as such. However, training requirements are universal and cover five key areas – emergency planning,...
Introduction Across the globe, cardiovascular diseases remain to be the leading cause of death among women. According to World Health Organization (2010), CVD accounts for one-third of deaths among women in the world. In developed countries such as the US, more women than men succumb to CVD every year (WHO,...
The nursing profession is a noble calling which requires self drive and determination. Students in nursing institutions around the globe are faced with several challenges in their pursuit of education in the field. As the education in higher learning continues to change, nursing education is also reforming along with other...
Al Baraha Hospital Nursing Department The nursing department in Al Baraha Hospital plays a variety of important roles. In particular, this division is responsible to ensure that every patient receives timely and appropriate medical assistance. For example, one can speak about wound care, emergency nursing, counseling, bed care, and other...
Introduction and Background Most hospitals face a number of challenges in their daily operations that affect patient and staff outcomes. However, few hospitals have established a nursing leadership role to help address the issues and concerns raised by nurses. Clinical nurse leaders (CNLs) are specifically trained to handle such challenges...
According to Wendy, The Joint Commission (formerly known as Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations), is one of the bodies that focus on quality and effective patient care. In the paper, Wendy describes some of the reasons that make the commission reputable towards better healthcare and treatment. The commission...
Introduction Human health is the most important aspect that determines the ability of people to do various activities to support their lives. The provision or availability of food, clothes and shelter is not guarantee that people will live comfortable lives because they face challenges that require expert assistance to ensure...
Introduction The process of taking history of patients is regarded as the most significant aspect of professional assessment of patients and is in most cases undertaken by nurses. Taking patients’ history enables the patients to provide a written overview of important information to the practitioner with regards to their ailments....
Introduction The problem statement of the current study establishes the absence of qualitative research on the subject of child malnutrition and its possible ecological culprits. The current literature review seeks to elaborate on the problem statement of this study. Bedford and Sharkey (2014) point out that access to pediatric healthcare...
Improvement of health standards in Cambodia still remains to be the main objective of the government of the nation. According to a report by UNICEF, child mortality in Cambodia still remains to be high even after previous actions of dealing with the problem. Many factors have been attributed to the...
Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are non-communicable blood vessel, vascular, brain, and heart diseases (Shara, 2010). According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2012), in a year it is estimated that cardiovascular diseases cause over 17.4 million deaths, which translates to thirty percent of all deaths caused by non-communicable diseases. By the...
Abstract This dissertation is about organisational development and the processes and methods in instituting it. Organisations regard change as new and disturbing. However, change is inevitable in almost all aspects of human life and even in other organisms. Change is significant in this time of intense globalisation and dominance of...
The nursing practice is being confronted by many challenges, including ethical issues, controversies related to wages, competence, and safety (Shapiro, 2009). The purpose of this assignment is to focus on the changes that could be made to ensure the economic, clinical, and social safety of nurses when they are executing...
Conducting an evidence-based practice is one of the most efficient and at the same time complicated tasks for a nursing specialist, seeing how it presupposes that the best possible practice guidelines should be established for a particular clinical problem, as Hood (2010, p. 267) explains. It is important that an...
Introduction In the modern world, responders to emergency medical needs like an accident on the road or an earthquake are very important for the response team and other cases of emergency services. These are people who are highly trained and skilled in doing the duties of a physician in emergency...
Introduction The article reviewed here is a journal entitled “A guide to taking a patient’s history”, written by Hilary Lloyd and Stephen Craig. The Journal was published on 24th August 2007. Summary of the Article The Journal discusses the procedure of taking a patient’s history. It takes into consideration various...
Key points of the quality improvement initiative The proposed initiative will focus on improving the outcomes of the healthcare outcomes within the facility. The level of RN education/certification positively correlates with patient outcomes (Clarke & Persaud, 2011; Kelly, 2007; Repasky, 2009). Therefore, a healthcare facility with nurses who have limited...
Certainly, it is stressful to work as a nurse considering the difficulties the job entails. Effective time management on the job remains one of the greatest challenges for nurses. However, when nurses plan and arrange their activities, they can manage their time on the job better. According to Buchwach (2009),...
Introduction Contamination in dental clinics is a global health matter that has made many public health authorities implement approaches to reduce the impact caused by unhealthy practices. The purpose of this change project is to ensure patient and staff safety by improving dental assistants’ knowledge and practice regarding decontamination in...
Role of Client, Family, Therapist, Other Professionals, and Collateral Parties PACC model is a clinical care assessment model that focuses on the problem description, development of the treatment plan, and conduction of a progress review. The main clients in this assessment plan are diagnosed patients and those with personal problems...
Introduction Currently, it is important for nurses to apply evidence-based practice when addressing health issues. Given that scientists are increasingly performing studies to improve on patient outcomes, it is important for nurses to have skills to analyze study reports to help them apply evidence-based practice. This paper is a critique...
Watson’s theory of human caring reviews the necessary external elements that determine the success of human caring. The main components of nurse preparation, caring processes and the transpersonal caring relationship. The above concept map reviews the elements of discovery, teaching, healing, and service as a holistic endeavor in the provision...
Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetSynd) is a pre-diabetes condition that predisposes individuals to type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and coronary heart disease. Fonseca (2005) lists its major medical characteristics as the increased waistline, increased triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar levels, and reduced cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein) levels....
Introduction Leadership is a critical management aspect of critical care practice. Often, intensive care environments consume large proportions of hospital financial and nursing human resources. In addition, intensive care units (ICUs) involve multi-professional collaboration to provide integrated care to patients suffering from terminal conditions. An ICU nurse manager must be...
Introduction Nurse staffing is the most important factor in determining the quality of patient care offered in hospitals. Research has revealed that hospitals that experience low staffing levels have high rates of negative patient outcomes because of the poor quality of care offered (Patterson, 2011). Many hospitals face this problem...
Introduction to the Study Statin medication is also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are drugs that are used to reduce the levels of cholesterol within the human body by limiting the cholesterol production activities of the HMG-CoA reductase enzymes. Statins are also used to lower the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol...
The modern life styles are the root cause of so many diseases that constitute a major share of health problems to us. In order to have a better understanding about the responsibilities involved in the health care it is necessary to analyse the current health care policies and practices instituted...
Introduction ADHD has emerged to be one of the major mental problems in our children today. It has been the main reason behind our children shocking behavior change. Several parents find it hard to understand these behavior changes. For example, our children may become hyperactive in one area posing questions...
Introduction Human being’s various kinds of needs some of which are basic while others may be properly referred to as secondary. Basic or primary needs are those which human beings need to meet as a matter of necessity. Without the fulfillment of these needs, it will be virtually difficult for...
Introduction The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (ANMC) is an organization that was established with an objective of developing national standards in nursing. The organization came up with standards known as the ANMC Competency standards for registered nurses. These competency standards are the core elements that are used to assess...
Quality-of-care issue and a data set The use of health information technology has positively impacted patient care across the world (Kaufman, Roberts, Merrill, Lai & Bakken, 2006; Gruber, Cummings, Leblanc & Smith, 2009; Hannah et al., 2011). Nurses and other healthcare professionals aim to deliver quality healthcare to patients. However,...
It is evident that all fields of human involvement have felt the impact of technological advancement, especially in the twenty-first century. The provision of quality health care services, in particular, has significantly improved due to the integration of computer science and information science in the broader field of medicine. Modern...
Introduction Community and public health diagnosis involves identification of different health concerns within a community and drawing critical intervention strategies that accommodate different cultural and social dynamics of assessment group. Family health diagnosis aims to address the identified health concerns in the order of priorities and appropriateness of the intervention...
Introduction The field of nursing has benefited significantly from the inputs and contributions of different scholars and theorists. Competent practitioners rely on such ideas and concepts to improve their philosophies and meet the demands of more patients. Ramona Mercer is one of the outstanding scholars and professionals who presented guidelines...
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that provides immunity against microorganisms like Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoni that attack the body (Monroe, 2001). In addition, IgE plays an important role in providing immune protection to the body against protozoan microorganisms like Plasmodium falciparum. Another role of IgE is...
Introduction In essence, managers and leaders use different approaches when handling issues in their lines of duty. Essentially, the former seeks to manage work while the latter leads them. In this regard, nursing is not an exemption to this scenario since it is a typical organizational profession. The issue of...
Abstract This paper is a research proposal aimed to understand the association between the consumption of high-fat foods and Doyle’s disease. The research will be based on a quantitative analysis of the eating behaviors of 60 elementary school children from 20 public schools in Baskerville. The proposed research would take...
Data collection The quantitative study aimed to determine the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in senior nursing students (Oliveira, Caregnato & Câmara, 2012). Data were collected through descriptive and quantitative methods. The study used the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS) instrument to collect data from the 42 students who participated...
Introduction Culture has been identified as one of the factors that medical practitioners the world over consider while dealing with patients as a social construct. Religious values, practices, traditions have not only been linked to disease acquisition, but also its management and how health matters are handled by different cultures...
Theory in Practice It is necessary to note that nursing theory has helped to facilitate healthcare services provided to patients. For instance, Dorothea Orem’s theory has contributed greatly to the development of nursing. Education of patients and their caregivers enables all stakeholders involved (patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals) to benefit. Sampaio,...
‘The nurse-patient relationship in the post-anesthetic care unit’ by Joanne Reynolds The purpose of this study was to obtain discursive insights into how nurses perceive what accounts for the scope of their professional duties, while dealing with patients in post-anesthetic care (PAC) units. The concerned study also aimed to expose...
There are varying roles played by Registered Nurses (RNs), Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) as well as Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP). However, all these categories of nurses perform almost similar obligations in ensuring high-quality healthcare delivery to all patients. For example, one of the most common healthcare practices offered by nurses...