Preventing diseases, extending human life, and making concerted efforts to promote physical and mental wellness are all part of public health. The field assists society in making educated decisions regarding everyone’s health. It comprises multiple branches, including epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences, and health care management.
In addition, the global health care system includes public health. As a result, there is a wealth of knowledge about this subject. We’ve compiled a list of essay samples to assist you in getting started on a project related to public health.
Introduction Nurses must comprehend the role of a community for an individual in public health interventions. Families and friends support people’s well-being on a large scale through enhanced care processes and positive social environments (Rector & Stanley, 2021). Understanding and overcoming barriers that hamper one’s essential social connections may be...
As one of the key healthcare providers, nurses should advocate for the elimination of discrimination regarding transgender community members. According to Bradford et al., there is an urgent need to provide culturally-competent and transgender-friendly health care services. In my point of view, nurses should receive the adequate education based on...
To structure the hospital’s preparation for an emergency, a fire at a large factory, while maintaining regular functioning, it is essential to implement an emergency operation plan as well as the incident command system set in place at the facility. Also, the responders at the scene should be notified about...
A socially vulnerable group of the population is a layer of the community with a low level of income and accumulated property. The concept of “vulnerability” is a synonymous state of poverty arising from limited access to tangible and intangible resources. It is possible to note that the source of...
The mean level of health stands for the overall ratio of healthy people, people with some health issues, and people with severe health issues. At that, the mean level of health also involves the ratio of people who receive basic healthcare services. Clearly, it is necessary to define ‘health’ and...
The increase in chronic illnesses in the United States can be attributed to a number of reasons. Besides, the chronic illnesses in my community pose some significant epidemiological implications. Community health is extremely essential since it propagates a healthy working environment. Lack of good health and inappropriate health behaviors can...
The issue of equity in the access to quality health care services has prevailed across the world. It is apparent that many private entities across the world have invested in the healthcare system through the development of healthcare facilities and insurance companies. The inequality in the access to health care...
Urbanization is the increase of the people migrating from the rural areas to the urban areas in a nation. The process of urbanization has both positive and negative impacts on the quality of health in a nation. For instance, it is apparent that access to health care in rural areas...
The child mortality rate is one of the most reliable measures of the quality of health care in developing nations. This measure is relevant to poor communities because it reveals the quality of health care services for children. In most populations, the child mortality rate is a significant indicator of...
Traditions of Navajo medicine were developed centuries ago and preserved their authenticity. Navajo are concerned about the concept of goodness. They relate it to their ideology of health and make it a component of the Blessing Way healing ceremony. The ceremony is considered to be a “good” event among Navajo...
Community Sentinel City grapples with many social problems, including congestion, poor quality of life, environmental degradation, and various health concerns. The youth in this neighborhood suffers from a myriad of problems, including drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, and crime and violence. The neighborhood is also not friendly to homosexuals, forcing members...
Health depends on many social, biological, psychological, and medical factors. When speaking of community health determinants, social ones play a major role. Suppose a community is characterized by social instability and tension. In that case, various social conflicts and catastrophes occur in it, the social sphere is not developed, there...
The problem of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has already touched upon many countries worldwide. A number of developing nations suffer from the impossibilities to determine, understand, and prevent diseases. Millions of people die from NCDs annually, and globalization is one of the factors that lead to the spreading of this...
A patient should consult a doctor to establish if a blood test is good for his health. This will help a patient to understand benefits and risks which are associated with blood tests. Patients who undergo blood tests are able to understand their health conditions which allows them to make...
Evaluation of the health system should not use different criteria in developing and developed countries.A good health system is one where inequalities should be removed. The health system has the responsibility to remove the inequalities, if necessary, through interventions. Goodness and fairness are the principles of good health. Whatever sources...
The state of healthcare in global communities is far from perfect. The effectiveness of healthcare is based on many factors, such as access to necessities, education, literacy, the availability of funds and resources, and technology. The introduction of modern practices and technologies in rural communities often faces difficulties and barriers...
The four terms, public health, community health, population health, and community-based care, all refer to approaches that are used for promoting positive health outcomes within a specific group. Yet, some distinctions should be mentioned. For instance, community and population health are similar but unique approaches to the promotion of public...
Wellness Public health services are charged with the detection and prevention of disease from spreading. They are also supposed to perform disease surveillance activities such as checking for any outbreaks or immunizing patients in case of a probable outbreak. The detection of unusual diseases or outbreaks is very crucial as...
Health Disparities These are inconsistencies in health determinants between population subgroups, resulting in differences in key indicators, such as immunization rates, life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality, among others. They exist in health outcomes, healthcare access, health-seeking behaviors, and risk exposure. Implicit provider stereotypes and prejudice against minority groups contribute to...
Both Amish and African American cultural heritage is characterized by a set of cultural beliefs that shape their members’ experiences and define the efficacy of its delivery. The African American cultural heritage has made it possible to focus on the importance of family relationships as the vehicle for building health...
Media are used in the community to promote health and prevent disease. The most effective approach is the use of the Internet for health-promotional purposes. Community members have access to a variety of websites, such as healthymiamidade, floridahealth, miamidade, and others. At these websites, citizens can find out the location...
Introduction: Relevance of the Topic The number and variety of diseases are increasing day by day. Although current medicine regularly works to find methods of combating illnesses, people’s exposure to various ailments remains relatively high, and their prevalence is global. Disease prevention is one of the most critical tasks of...
The city of Hartford is a relatively small city with a medium population. However, the city is divided into districts by city planners as well as by the level of life. East Hartford and Manchester are divided from the city center by the river, which can be seen as ‘Ninth...
Introduction The human body is perfectly designed for long-term viability and life expectancy determined by how a person takes care of their health. It is known that life expectancy is predominantly dependent on the lifestyle that people create for themselves. With age, the human body and life change, and an...
Citizens are concerned about keeping their health data protected and protected. That is why the U.S Department of Health and Human Services determines policies, according to federal law, on who can get access to one’s health information. With limited exceptions, the HIPAA Privacy Rule gives individuals the right to access,...
Famine is characterized by an inadequate food supply that causes starvation, malnutrition, disease, and death. Famine is caused by various factors, including natural calamities, war, and poor food policies. For the past five years, Yemen has struggled with internal conflict and war, with no indication of immediate peace. The World...
Overview of the Event Hurricane Katrina is a deadly storm that resulted in terrible damage especially in New Orleans and the surrounding areas on the 29th of August 2005. The calamity led to unprecedented loss of lives, thousands of casualties with severe injuries, and severe destruction of property (Fussell, 2015)....
Introduction My community is located in Philadelphia, PA, one of the largest U.S. cities and hometown of American democracy. It was founded in 1682 by William Penn, and its name is comprised of Greek words meaning “brotherly love” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2021). Philadelphia is the pioneer in U.S. healthcare, as the...
Introduction Some people may frown upon it, while others might nod their heads with their whole-hearted smile on their faces – no matter which category you belong to, as a person, especially as a person who must live in a neighborhood, the quality of the neighborhood has always been an...
This paper presents the examination of a policy statement (access to women’s health care) with the aim of clarifying the underlying health issue and proposed interventions to address it. As declared by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), this policy is significant at state and national levels since...
Introduction Worldwide developments in the areas of epidemiology, demographics, and socioeconomic changes, such as urbanization, globalization, and reductions in mortality and morbidity rates, have led to chronic disease prevalence, thus undermining the strategies put in place for health improvement. To address this challenge, access to preventive measures for the population...
The theme of effective hand-washing techniques is more actual than ever, now, when Covid-19 remains a worldwide hazard. Thus, the presentation was met with great expectations and, in the end, left a good impression on the audience. The fact is that CAUTI remains the most common type of healthcare-associated infection...
In the United States, African Americans still meet some challenges related to care and treatment. Firstly, bias and racism may affect their health outcomes negatively. It is even possible to notice that whites have better chances of being treated for myocardial infarction than Afro-Americans, which is one of many instances...
Excess weight is one of the most frequently discussed topics and challenges in modern times, appearing in different doses in virtually every location. According to the World Health Organization, an average of four million people die each year in this epidemic (2021). It is also noteworthy that if obesity was...
During the major disasters and other emergency situations, the most vulnerable groups of the population are individuals with special medical needs. The target population involves patients, such as the ones on dialysis who possess special healthcare needs. One of the group is comprised of patients with end stage renal disease,...
It is considered the most contagious infectious disease that impacts human life. Moreover, leprosy still threatens public health worldwide despite the reduction of infection incidences due to antimicrobial treatments. However, healing from the disease require early timely detection and drug administration (Franco-Paredes & Rodriguez-Morales, 2016). Otherwise, the patients affected would...
Educational Status The patient’s education and health are two interrelated notions; nevertheless, seemingly, they cannot be reduced to relationships of cause and effect. It is stated that persons with higher education, as in the case of E. G., live longer and lead healthier lifestyles than those without it (Zajacova &...
The significant impact on public health by natural disasters poses a difficult challenge for many government organizations that work towards public safety and security. The complexity of systems that provide said safety continues to grow exponentially every year, requiring more sophisticated ways to coordinate their synchronous functioning. Rose et al....
Health promotion programs are designed to empower individuals towards adopting behaviors that would help them avoid the risk of acquiring chronic illnesses. These health promotion programs also aim to change individuals and communities via delivering information addressing how to amend unhealthy health attitudes and practices. A review of research is...
Introduction The completed Part I identified Elmhurst as one of the neighborhoods in New York State County facing various medical challenges. The section identified various health issues that most of the citizens encountered, such as childhood obesity, diabetes, and preterm births. Proper intervention plans are appropriate to address these issues...
Problem Statement Individuals at risk of poor health and healthcare disparities are normally regarded as being vulnerable. For homeless persons and other socially marginalized populations, an effective healthcare system is always not within their reach. Moreover, other social determinants of health, such as income, housing, and social support are often...
Overview of the Public Health Initiative The HIV care continuum is a public health initiative introduced by President Barrack Obama in 2013 to improve America’s HIV/AIDS fight. The HIV Care Continuum has only four distinct stages that include HIV testing and diagnosis, getting and staying in medical care, getting on...
Each American state has its own Department of Public Health (DPH), which is responsible for maintaining and improving the citizens’ wellness. Georgian DPH is an institution aimed to prevent diseases and injuries, promote well-being at all levels, and design plans for disastrous situations. Georgia has both cancer and immunization registries...
Extant literature demonstrates that a foremost challenge for community health practitioners in assisting people to recover from crises involves the setting up of deliverable goals (Maurer & Smith, 2009). The presented case scenario depicts a situation whereby the community nurse must develop a priority recovery goal to assist community members...
Introduction In many communities around the world, culture is often viewed as the organizing framework within which notions of health and illness are defined and internalized by members using a set of beliefs, values and attitudes that are unique to these communities. It therefore follows that knowledge of the role...
Introduction While language barriers are an ongoing concern in dealing with ethnic minorities in the United States, it has come to the attention of academics and practitioners that care providers must demonstrate the capacity to understand the culturally specific needs of minority clients and adjust their approach to care accordingly...
Cuban-Americans are individuals who are born and raised in America and whose parents are of Cuban ancestry. In the United States of America, there are a number of Hispanic groups although Cuban-Americans form the third largest group (Purnell, 2013). Americans born of Cuban ancestry are however considered Native Americans especially...
Introduction The past trends, system of governance as well as values held towards delivering health distinguishes health pillars for different countries at a broader perspective. Nevertheless, global institutions like WHO provide associated themes along which to establish and evaluate health such as workforce capacity, budgetary allocation, government policies, infrastructural baselines...
As I read through the article, the first question that came into my mind was why African-Americans treated by hemodialysis lived longer than whites. Another question that came into my mind was why whites withdrew from dialysis treatment and preferred replacement therapy more than African-Americans. As I continued reading the...
Demographic Variables in Women’s Health As the United States of America is one of the most multinational countries in the world, its demographics in health care are represented not only by gender and age determinants but also by race and ethnicity. In women’s health, the highest rates of heart disease...
Ryan’s Family Family Composition Ryan’s family is young. The father is aged 32 years old; the mother is 30 while their son, Jack is aged 4 years old. The racial composition of Ryan’s family is African-American. Roles of each family member Ryan is the head of this family and, therefore,...
Introduction This paper evaluates the health outcomes of India and China by comparing their health indicators. It shows that both countries have experienced different health outcomes, in terms of life expectancy and infant mortality rates. In line with this discussion, this paper explores the reasons for the health disparities between...
Introduction Globalization has affected different aspects of life through the elimination of trade barriers and increased mobility of capital and labor. These changes have affected the political and economic landscapes of countries that have embraced it. Similar to how it has changed the economic landscape, globalization has also changed health...
Introduction This paper will make an in depth research analysis on Down syndrome in Australia due to the fact that a significant proportion of Australians’ population is either affected by it directly and indirectly, whereby more than 400 children are born with the disorder. The paper will analyze the causes...
Healthcare Problem Insurance coverage is a complex system in American health care that is not always available a priori to all citizens. The lack of insurance is a severe problem, leading to worsening health, social and vocational adjustment, and development opportunities (Keisler-Starkey & Bunch, 2021). Moreover, people cannot always receive...
The COVID-19 pandemic put the topic of preventative measures at the forefront of the public conversation. Handwashing, in particular, became the focus of discussion as it is considered one of the easiest yet effective methods to combat the coronavirus’s spread. Nevertheless, it is essential to distinguish between handwashing with water...
Coordinated Governance in Healthcare Efficient and effective operations in hospitals demand specialty coordination between the governance, medical staff, administration, and board of trustees. Care coordination by improving health workforce governance is critical for accountability, consensus building, and inclusivity in leadership and decision-making. Although patients, staff, and other healthcare providers strongly...
There is no arguing the fact that a mentally healthy environment is essential for people to be productive and satisfied with their quality of life. According to Staglin (2021), people’s social and physical environment is what ultimately drives their health throughout their lives. From there comes the definition of social...
Introduction Obesity is a multifaceted medical concern that involves excess fats in the human body. Increased fat levels in the human body increase the risk of other diseases, such as high blood pressure, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders (Blüher, 2019). There is a significant difference between being overweight and being obese....
Introduction The climate crisis is used to be assessed from the side of risks to nature and the economy. However, global warming is seriously affecting human health, taking millions of lives. Extreme temperatures negatively affect almost all human organs: the heart, kidneys, and lungs suffer especially from heat. While many...
Introduction: Business Understanding National Health Service (NHS) Trust Overview Amid the impacts of COVID-19 worldwide, the NHS is more than dedicated to ensuring England residents live healthier lives. This aligns with the vision statement “enabling people to live healthier and more independent lives through high-quality seamless care.” Years after the...
The 1840s saw a shift in attitudes. Parliament invited Edwin Chadwick, a government servant working for the Poor Law Commission, to look into the living circumstances in Britain. His 1842 observations on the sanitary conditions of the laboring population concluded that many cases of poverty and illness were brought on...
Social support services are among the most important healthcare indicators in an area. According to the RWJ RAND 2018 survey, 36.5 percent of adults identified to have a “strong to very strong attitude that social and physical factors had a significant influence on health (Carman et al., 2019). This statement...
Case One Despite being an elderly citizen aged 78 years, Raymond should not have died in the hands of medical practitioners. Several inefficiencies are notable in the first case study that can result in poor care delivery. The first one is the absence of proper mechanisms for responding to emergencies...
The health care system is crucial for every country’s proper functioning and development. However, the United States of America’s health care is not perfect and has much space for improvement. One of the factors that affected it in recent years is the COVID-19 pandemic. It has discovered the key moments...
Introduction The United States is known as a country with the best and most properly developed healthcare system. The relationship between private and public agencies and non-profit and for-profit organizations defines the quality of the progress of healthcare services. Much attention is currently paid to the role of government and...
Introduction With the outbreak of Covid-19, many people have been forced to confront the reality of the healthcare system. One of the most important questions the society has to ask itself is how to protect the most vulnerable members of society – the elderly. This paper will focus on identifying...
Public health is a crucial aspect of sustainability for the entire society on a national scale. However, several aspects hinder the coherent and entirely satisfactory cooperation of public health authorities and authorities. However, the coronavirus pandemic has brought the US government to the issue of social and environmental responsibility, which...
The outcomes management method is based on four principles initially formulated by the original movement of medical professionals that promoted this approach to providing quality and effective therapy and care in the mainstream healthcare discourse. The first one is “greater reliance on standards and guidelines” (Quality of care and the...
Finding its roots in medicinal, recreational and spiritual practices of ancient peoples, marijuana is widely known by most people. In today’s world, the stigma around cannabis use, as well as drug use in general, is being challenged. The growing recognition of the drug’s benefits, coupled with a changing view on...
Summary Speech Title: The Dangers of Obesity. General Purpose: To emphasize the dangers of obesity in decreasing the quality of life. Specific Purpose: To highlight the importance of a healthy lifestyle. Thesis Statement: Promoting a healthy lifestyle is the primary way to combat obesity, reducing overall life expectancy due to...
Due to the cooperation between the size of the technological components, scientific advances, and expert training, every process is carried out to the greatest possible standard. As a result of the promotion of interpersonal skills, doctor-patient relationship is valued by all stakeholders in the health sector. It considers employee-management interaction...
Introduction A normal distribution is a crucial concept in statistics as it can be applied in different contexts to solve various problems. For instance, this method can be utilized to evaluate a medicine’s effect on a patient’s health. In the given scenario, the use of contraceptive drugs in women is...
Introduction The quality of health services must be guaranteed for universal health coverage to have the intended health results. Quality issues have long been a top priority in Tanzania, especially the issue of insufficient and poor regular supporting monitoring of healthcare professionals by council health executive teams. The government’s responsibility...
Introduction The student believes that a lack of insurance coverage is one of the most significant current policy problems in the American healthcare system context. As practice shows, uninsured persons are more likely to risk exposing themselves to the worst difficulties and dangers due to the program’s high cost, refusal...
Hematology postgraduate studies should specialize in such areas of health as the treatment of bleeding disorders, thrombosis, as well as oncological diseases. Education in this field requires a fair amount of laboratory practice, which I hope to get when entering the directorate program. These programs rarely exist online, and the...
Introduction Healthcare discussions usually touch on such personnel as doctors, nurses and pharmacists. However, one group of people is not commonly acknowledged in them. It is important to note the crucial role care managers play in hospitals, clinics, hospices and other medical facilities. They are in charge of creating an...
Article “Effects of Multidisciplinary Interventions on Weight Loss and Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with Morbid Obesity” The article “Effects of multidisciplinary interventions on weight loss and health outcomes in children and adolescents with morbid obesity” discusses treatment strategies aimed at reducing morbid obesity in children. Morbid obesity in...
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has become an extraordinary and shocking event for the world community and the global economy. No one might have imagined that the virus could close borders, break international economic ties and divide states and people. In fact, society has entered a new era of socio-medical...
The growth of healthcare reforms calls for change management as medical facilities establish systems that increase the quality of care. One of the major moves that can contribute toward quality of care is preventing avoidable readmissions among ethnically diverse patients to hospitals for chronic conditions. Reducing readmission is important because...
Football playing The skin’s structure is multilayered and different parts are responsible for their specific functions. For instance, the epidermis is one of the layers that is located closer to the outer part, and it helps in the production of homeostasis. Homeostasis is crucial for the human body as it...
Importance of Data Collection for the CDC about Covid-19 Vaccination Rollout Vaccination is one of the most effective methods of controlling a pandemic. History has demonstrated that the end of a pandemic majorly depends on the number of vaccinated people. Covid-19 pandemic is no different. However, efficient control of the...
Ayaz, M., Pasha, M. F., Alzahrani, M. Y., Budiarto, R., & Stiawan, D. (2021). The fast health interoperability resources (FHIR) standard: Systematic literature review of implementations, applications, challenges and opportunities. JMIR Medical Informatics, 9(7), 1-44. Web. To start with the background the paper states that the global healthcare system is...
Nurses and health professionals engage in health promotion, providing the population with learning opportunities to improve health literacy and engage in behaviors beneficial to individual and community health. The process of improving the health literacy of a patient, community, or nation is called health education. Health education plays vital role...
Medicare History Medicare insurance is a United States national government program that started in 1965 and is currently under the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. This program mainly focuses on people ages 65 and above and specific younger individuals with disabilities (Berchick et al., 2019). It also provides coverage...
Assessment of the Problem Patient readmission to hospitals negatively affects the healthcare system. They drain facility resources and destructively influence government budgets. On the extreme, these readmissions reduce the quality of life for those involved patients. Nonetheless, readmission of patients with chronic conditions is expected in the contemporary world. In...
Introduction: Statement of the Project The current project is intended to help the researcher investigate some of the quality measures related to healthcare. The database is going to include information on patient satisfaction (rated from 1 to 10), patient admission-discharge (timestamps), and nurse rotation schedule (timestamps). This information is crucial...
State the Issue Overdose prevention in the rural areas of Arizona is a social welfare policy that requires a solution. It is well known that overdose has been on the rise each year, and though the state has taken decisive steps to combat this opioid crisis, it seems as though...
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a condition that destroys CD4 cells of the body and leads the count to be less than 200, which causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. A weak immune system hampers the body’s capacity to fight against sickness. Nearly 1.2 million adults in the United States...
Introduction Public health means the science of protecting or improving people’s health in their community, which can be reached by promoting healthy lifestyles, research, and injury prevention. Public health is concerned with providing direct and indirect coverage for helping populations address their health concerns. In the US, public health is...
The highly contagious bacterial illness known as pertussis affects the respiratory tract. A bacterium that may be discovered in an infected person’s mouth, nose, and throat is what causes it. The primary method of transmission for pertussis is inhaling droplets from an infected person’s nose or throat. Even those who...
Introduction The research article, “Comparison of Education versus Behavioral Skills Training Interventions in Lowering Sexual HIV-Risk Behavior of Substance-Dependent Adolescents” by St. Lawrence et al. (1995), is correlational research because it uses statistical analysis to investigate the connection between two variables (Rezigalla, 2020). Discussion In the case of this article,...
Introduction Meeus et al. (2010) investigate the standard pain thresholds for patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Chronic Low Back Pain (CLPB) in a controlled experiment. The switch in the baseline ache following regular exercise and the association with an exercise-prompted increment of nitric acid is also examined in...
It is important to note that healthcare is an integral part of social wellbeing, which has implications not only on public health but also on the economy, taxation, and governmental involvement. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 and the global pandemic revealed the criticality and vulnerabilities of healthcare infrastructures across the...
Introduction Enhancement of the health status of indigenous people is considered a long-term challenge for the Australian government. A huge health inequality gap exists between the indigenous population and the rest of Australian citizens, raising concerns to human rights groups such as the United Nations Committees. Health inequalities are largely...
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the closure of specialist athlete training and significantly impacted the sports industry. The lockdown, implemented during the pandemic challenged sports teams by preventing physical interactions. As a result, most high-performance athletes had to adopt home-based solutions to remain physically fit, competent for Judo exercises,...
Purpose Statement Polypharmacy use in long-term care facilities is a major problem that requires immediate attention to prevent it from escalating; further, the study aims to state the value of precise sensitivity tests in care settings to lower polypharmacy (Gabauer, 2020). Using multiple drugs to cure illnesses is not reducing...
Introduction The development of American society and the level of science has led to several changes in the social behavior of society. How people live, work and spend their leisure time has changed globally. Modern man, pushed by the cult of careerism and ideas of productivity, spends more and more...
The paper discusses the main events in the book, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman. It examines the conflict over Lia Lee’s treatment between the Merced Community Medical Center in California and a Laotian refugee family. Doctors have determined that Young Lee has severe, recurrent...
Ultrasound is widely used in the metalworking industry, mechanical engineering, and metallurgy. The applied ultrasound frequency is from 20 kHz to 1 MHz, and the power is up to several kilowatts (Moyano et al., 2022). Ultrasound has a harmful effect on the human body. Workers with ultrasonic devices often experience...
The American healthcare system is subject to fraud and record-setting amounts charged for normally affordable care. To combat this issue, the United States government implemented a number of statutes, regulations, programs, and compliance obligations on pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers. For example, the Federal False Claims Act, the Stark Law,...
Introduction The Departments for Illness Management and Prevention discovered numerous aspects of teenage tobacco abuse. The community and the environmental setting are the aspects that significantly influence teenagers. For instance, the way social networks portray cigarette usage as a typical activity, cigarette marketing in retail stores and online platforms, and...