We know everything there is to know about health and medicine! Get inspired with Assignology’s papers!
Introduction Every year, millions of children around the world become victims of sexual abuse, which makes this problem one of the highest priorities for the international community. One of the most significant consequences of these episodes is the long-term mental health effects of trauma on victims. The most common symptoms...
Need Statement Communication skills are a specific set of verbal and non-verbal ways of constructive communication by a nurse, necessary in a typical clinical situation, including with patients, patients’ relatives, doctors, and colleagues. Thus, basic communication skills include establishing contact, gathering information, active listening, empathy, commenting, informing, and ending a...
Introduction Phil is a 15-year-old male Hispanic patient who has been experiencing sadness and angry during the last four months. No specific information about the biological problems or challenges is mentioned. No physical traumas and other physiological concerns are reported and noticed by the doctor. Biological problems of this patient...
The main professional aims of nursing have always been to alleviate suffering and take care of those who need it, that is why a nurse should have deep sympathy for those in pain and willingness to help others. Mental Health Nursing especially demands these qualities as mental patients often suffer...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has been essential in guiding healthcare officials with the criteria of diagnosing mental disorders. Through DSM, medical professionals learn the common symptoms of diagnosing various mental disorders. It also offers common language that enables psychiatrists to communicate with their patients, which...
Reliability alongside validity is a key determinant of the quality of research. The former primarily focuses on the consistency of the findings in regards to the reproducibility of the results (Gitomer et al., 2021). In other words, reliability highlights whether or not an outcome of the research can be replicated...
Care coordination refers to the type of service that is provided to patients outside of the healthcare facility. The between-visit care has a positive impact on health and reduces the risk of disease progression. Care coordination and continuum of care are based on the notion of person-centered assessment and care....
Introduction High burnout rates are detrimental for the United States healthcare system, causing major losses in both finances and lives. The most suitable approach to their reduction can play a critical part in uplifting the quality of care to the desired standards, especially considering the current increase in pressure on...
It is hard to disagree that all people face different conflicts, and sometimes it may happen on a daily basis. Although some consider conflicts entirely negative and distressing, they can actually be positive and enhance future communication. Of course, the condition under which the conflict will not be destructive is...
The article Doctors’ Use of Medical Terminology Can Leave Patients Poorly Informed (2014) states that doctors have utilized jargon to keep patients in the dark recently. Yet, there is no justification for poor communication since patients are more concerned about their treatment than ever before. Hence, the article emphasizes that...
The importance of efficient and productive interprofessional communication in a multidisciplinary team cannot be stressed enough. According to Al-Hamdan et al. (2018), “communication is one of the mechanisms that can specify how a positive nursing work environment can contribute to nurses’ job satisfaction” (p. 714). Nurses are the first line...
The existing technologies and advancements that are made by technology in various domains of medicine are reflections of the future of medicine. While it is bright, there are still many uncertainties that are yet to be resolved. The use of technology in medicine is currently under development, and there is...
More than 5.5 million asylum seekers have fled Venezuela, with 4.6 million of them now residing in the Latin American regions (Bojorquez et al., 2021). These notable numbers justify the relevance of the healthcare access issue of immigrants. In a number of nations of Latin America, they admit to having...
Introduction Nurses are not heroes or angels but vastly trained workers who play an essential role in patient safety. Professionalism in healthcare is defined as operating under principles that improve a patient’s quality of life and health by caring for and controlling the patient’s current illness. Nurses are governed by...
Introduction The Staircase Model represents important characteristics of the nurse at various stages of cultural competence development; nevertheless, that individual comprehends these characteristics. As a result, it is critical that nurses accurately evaluate themselves in this self-assessment. The assessment also suggests a possible reason for the attributes considered and regular...
The first step is to educate the patient about the competencies and skills that Nurse Practitioners (NPs) have. It is important to articulate to the patient that NPs are competent in a comprehensive health assessment, in prescribing the medication needed, and in designing therapeutic interventions (Dunphy et al., 2019). It...
Introduction There are hundreds of studies on healthcare interventions in the literature, and the number is expanding yearly. There are numerous studies for persons involved in providing care to identify and evaluate when making decisions in most healthcare areas; this topic also. The nursing staff has a critical role in...
Health disparities are characterized by health differences among socioeconomic, ethnic, racial and other populations as well as people with substance use disorders. More often than not, healthcare inequities result from wider inequalities and are observed among socially disadvantaged segments of society. Several factors contribute to health disparities and contradict social...
Zach Anner has cerebral palsy (CP), which is a collection of conditions that impact a person’s ability to move, balance, and maintain posture (Cerebral Palsy Foundation, n.d.). Moreover, the most prevalent motor impairment in children is CP, and thus, many are affected by this disability. The term ‘cerebral” refers to...
Introduction Gerontological nursing is a specific field that must consider the age of the patients. Moreover, multiple factors have to be included when building the plan for caring for senior adults. This field is patient-based, but nurses can take into consideration family members as active participants. Furthermore, intentional learning can...
Executive summary Annually, pregnant women and their children are at a higher risk of developing illnesses and even dying due to pregnancy and delivery difficulties. As a result, there is a need to create preventative, diagnostic, and prompt treatment strategies to address this issue. According to AHWONN and WHO, a...
The healthcare system requires clinicians and nurses to constantly develop their skills and knowledge to provide high-quality treatment for patients. In order to continue my professional development as a nurse, I am considering joining particular medical organizations as a volunteer or seeking internship programs. Such activities will help me gain...
For today’s discussion, I want to offer a review of a phenomenological study by Arcadi et al. (2021) titled Nursing during the COVID‐19 outbreak: A phenomenological study. The study aimed at examining the phenomenon of nursing and changes in the understanding of the concept of nursing during the pandemic. The...
In their article, Patterson and researchers write about how tobacco companies used medical and social research to prove that smoking has a harmful effect on health only on smokers themselves, but not on people who are nearby. Representatives of the tobacco industry thus tried to refute the harm of passive...
When exploring the health care systems of foreign countries and comparing them to the one implemented in the United States, it is reasonable to refer to renowned ones that have proven effective. One such country is France, where health care is universally accessible and based on universal insurance. Health care...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide an overall assessment of a patient’s case and discuss some aspects of overall care. According to Lamar University (2018), the goal of nursing has always been the healing of not only the physical symptoms but also the mind and soul of...
Background The growing availability of information resources has led to distance learning being used more often, especially for postgraduate education. It is especially relevant in those areas characterized by regular updating of knowledge, which includes health care. Therefore, the highest quality, at the current level of world knowledge, training, and...
Although nutritionists tend to promote a general pattern of a healthy diet among the population, some medical conditions require more attention and a tailored approach to consuming various nutrients. It is necessary as these nutrients potentially contribute to the quality of recovery. A prime example of such a medical condition...
According to observations patients in rooms 349, 339D, 343D, 341D, and 347D had BTH/SHWR in the morning. At the same time, in the afternoon, BTH/SHWR was seen in patients in rooms 335W 341W. Additionally, in the morning, it was noticed that Krist’s patient was coded. As a result, the respiratory...
Literature review is an essential part of any work. Whitehead and colleagues (2019) studied factors that make nursing certification attractive for those who undertake this qualification. In their study, the authors examined 41 articles to measure the value of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, that is to say personal and professional...
Radioactive elements are those elements that are unstable and have excess nucleus energy and gain stability by giving off atomic radiation. Atoms with extra neutrons and protons create extra energy in the nucleus rendering the atom unbalanced. The radiation emitted transforms radioactive elements into another chemical form that may be...
In January 2021, in the midst of a pandemic, Washington State took an unusual strategy to operationalize its vaccination program by turning to businesses for help. To deliver on the state’s ambitious vaccination program, the local government has expanded the Washington State Vaccine Command and Coordination Center (WSVCCC) to include...
Disease processes present a complex issue that can be challenging to disentangle and provide a timely response. The ability to identify and anticipate disease processes is a vital skill that allows nurses to affect public health on a global scale positively. However, each nursing process is a highly specific set...
Summary As a registered nurse practitioner (NP) working to meet the needs of the community, it is necessary to address the problem of substance misuse in each subset of the population. Achieving this objective requires the NP to have a good understanding of the clinical practice guideline and the capacity...
Legalizing marijuana is one of the most heated debates in contemporary social, political, cultural, and economic arenas. In the United States, several states have passed laws that permit the medicinal and recreational use of marijuana. Supporters of legalizing the drug argue that it does not bear significant adverse health effects...
Introduction Scholars and medics have defined pressure injury as areas of localized injury either to the underlying tissue or the skin, mainly over the prominence due to the sole effect of pressure or a combination of pressure and shear. The global prevalence of pressure injury is estimated at 12.8% of...
Culture care theory is a theory proposed by sociocultural anthropologist and nurse Madeleine Leininger. The CCT’s purpose is based on helping clinicians and researchers to explain, document, discover, and know the relationship between cultural phenomena and care when admitting peculiarities and similarities of different cultures (McFarland, 2018). This theory was...
Communication between employees affects the provision of medical services and the quality of the hospital as a whole, but this is often neglected. Communication shortcomings when transferring a patient from one medical professional to another can be different, including the transmission of incomplete information necessary for quality treatment, incorrect information,...
The findings can be interpreted as accurate and nondiscriminatory due to the inclusion of nurses with a wide range of backgrounds eliminating a possibility of bias among participants. The race, gender, and educational level distribution can be considered representative of the majority of similar healthcare organizations. Setting and Organization In...
A neonatal abstinence syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur in a newborn child due to the cessation of the intake of narcotic substances into the body in the womb. There are two main types of NAS – prenatal and postpartum. In my opinion, both of these types should...
Summary Cultural and linguistic diversity hinders the achievement of health equity because they limit proper interaction and communication. The insightful video on “How Effective Healthcare Communication Contributes to Health Equity” provides essential details on how effective communication can promote health equity. The first point mentioned is that health literacy contributes...
Introduction Healthcare is one of the most important and basic human wants and should always be available to an individual anytime one requires medical attention. However, the healthcare sector is also amongst the expensive ones to manage within a nation. It is the government’s responsibility to ensure that all its...
Introduction Nurses are crucial in providing care for patients, although there are some differences between certain roles. Advanced practice nursing refers to various nursing interventions that can impact patients’ health, with the nurses being educated professionals who can assist people from various backgrounds (DeNisco & Barker, 2015). With that being...
Introduction Officials of the state Medicaid program can be involved as stakeholders in supporting the project and its implementation in order to integrate and generate profit. Insurance organizations, businesses, and individuals who will make the financing decision and participate in the implementation can also be considered key audience members. The...
Introduction Developmental and psychological disorders in children are challenging issues in healthcare management globally. All parents expect to have healthy children from birth hence get disappointed when they realize a child has a disorder. Many children and youths are experiencing emotional, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders, leading to unhealthy social and...
The clinical presentation case assessed was a female having anaemia caused by excessive blood loss suffered menorrhagia. Madam X is a 38-year-old female who comes from the Y community of the B Region. The Y community has a cultural and religious belief that prevents blood transfusion. Their tradition also inhibits...
This course offered opportunities to learn about descriptive, inferential, and qualitative data analysis, including their similarities and differences. Descriptive analysis serves to present information about a fully measured population in a structured, categorized, and accessible form (Nieswiadomy & Bailey, 2018). Inferential analysis uses the data from a randomized sample to...
As should be known, the law, even in its ideal and perfect form, exists only as an impeccable representation of the law. In reality, this idea of the law must adapt to social attitudes and, in many cases, overcome them. The implication is that in the context of an ethnic...
Introduction Homeless among African American women aged 18 and up has historically been a problem in Los Angeles, California. Along with deprivation, there is also the problem of persons who have been associated with a mental disorder. According to National Alliance on Mental Illness, homelessness can put a female’s physical...
The International Organization for Migration was able to develop a sophisticated set of recommendations that would encompass the field of development for all the activities related to nursing practices. It is an essential initiative since nursing represents a crucial part of healthcare services that directly refer to ordinary people. The...
Hypotheses The null hypothesis for the study completed by Tung (2010) was as follows: Pap smear use in Vietnamese American women contains more potential disadvantages rather than opportunities, and a reduced number of study participants are going to resort to Pap smear because of being afraid of testing results and...
Introduction Emergency care is essential to manage the time between when a victim is injured or develops a sudden acute illness and the moment professionals start treating the patient. That is when the ambulance arrives, and another therapy begins in a medical facility. First aid can be performed by a...
PECS’ functioning is based on the usage of images and other visual illustrations of real objects. Specifically, “this system uses figures/photographs selected according to the lexical repertoire of each individual” (Santos et al., 2021, p. 2). Overall, there are six phases comprising the training process using PECS. The first is...
Introduction Death is a natural element of existence, a continuation of birth. All that exists in this universe will vanish at a certain point. Since what happens following a death is unclear, many individuals fear dying. Nonetheless, everyone has to contend with the loss of a loved one at some...
Healthcare providers are essential workers in the job market. However, there is a constantly growing demand for healthcare practitioners, and nurses in particular. The shortage of nurses has been an issue in the United States and in the world, especially amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic. According to Haryanto (2019), 1.2...
During the last eight weeks, several interesting surprises about US health care were identified. I was confident that the US government did everything possible to control most healthcare delivery decisions. At the same time, it was interesting to find out that some insurance should take many financial risks when premiums...
The notion of reflective practice means deep and conscious thinking about the experience and learning through reflection. Many reflective models were created to indicate the direction of thinking. Different theories cover similar points through distinctive approaches: some models are easier to follow and apply, while others are complex and imply...
Introduction In modern medicine, it is believed that the most effective model of the relationship between a doctor and a patient is a partnership in which they jointly walk the path of getting rid of the disease, sharing responsibility for the result of treatment. With such a relationship, the patient...
Coronavirus disease 2019 is an ongoing global pandemic that started in 2020. COVID-19 is caused by “an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus” known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (Ali and Kunugi 2). SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by contaminated fluids and surfaces, mainly during contact between infected and uninfected persons. Thus...
Introduction World Health Organization (WHO) is an international organization whose core function is to protect the health of the people at a global level. The company was found on April 7th, 1948 by countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Brazil (World Health Organization, 2021b). WHO’s headquarters are...
Sharing healthcare data is not as widespread as in other fields, although having a huge positive potential. The tendency to share patients’ data has many advantages if used responsibly and aimed at improving care and medical research. However, it is also true that healthcare data exchange has many risks that...
Healthcare is a basic right for every human being, therefore, achieving the best possible level of healthcare is important. Private and public partnerships have been constructively considered in recent years to better health sectors in various counties. Given the growing complex nature of the ecosystem of healthcare, it is this...
Introduction Older adults report multiple comorbidities, particularly chronic diseases, due to their compromised immunity. Pressure ulcers are among the ailments that limit their well-being and require collaboration among caregivers to offer effective medication. The disease is severe among populations above 65 years since ailments such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and...
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have not declined even after introducing the vaccination. The main reason appears to be the emergence of new mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants and the lack of social distancing in some cities. My city’s, Fort Lauderdale, Fl, COVID local risk index is nine out of ten, considering the...
Introduction The universal healthcare system, like the ones operating in countries such as Canada or Finland, is yet to be implemented in the USA. Instead, elderly U.S. citizens have to rely on a program that offers a way to significantly lower healthcare-related expenses after retirement — the Medicare program. By...
Summary Nurses are an essential part of the healthcare setting because they provide patients with critical care. Majorly, the role of a nurse is to provide care to patients and the physically disabled in hospitals and other community settings. Nurses respond to the cases that occur naturally and whose treatment...
Introduction The paper’s objective is to analyze the case of Sgt. Eddie Johns and apply Roy’s Adaptation Model and Neuman’s Systems Model to it. These theories offer unique approaches to communicating with and treating patients. Studying the application of different approaches through cases is necessary to understand their effectiveness. Moreover,...
Pivotal Response Training (PRT) Description: Pivotal Response Training is an intervention which relies on the principles of applied behavior analysis to enhance communication skills in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The approach focuses on addressing skills which are essential for the development of communicative, social, and behavioral abilities of...
Introduction The issue of access to healthcare has gained particular urgency and importance over the past decade. Due to the emergence of several major health threats, particularly, the coronavirus pandemic, and the persistence of some of the prevalent public health issues, such as diabetes, an increasingly greater number of people...
Introduction The nursing field is a very demanding one; with changes occurring frequently, nurses must face current issues and learn the new trends that rapidly developed. A nurse is essentially someone responsible for advocating and taking care of patients while they undergo illness and recovery, guiding them through difficult times....
The article points out that old adults living in nursing homes and others around the community are exposed to a high risk for malnutrition caused by such factors as isolation and depression. The article focuses on the validity of the existing assessment tools and the general effectiveness of various interventions...
Introduction An individual’s health is a multidimensional phenomenon that involves dynamic practices within the medical field. Research indicates that a significant percentage of re-hospitalization incidents emerge from poor handling procedures during treatment in the institutions. The two common causative agents include dialysis and AVF/AVG vascular access, causing infections among patients....
Social behavioral determinants of health, or SBHD, are factors such as socioeconomic status, educational background, physical environment, employment, social support system, access to healthcare, and a variety of other aspects that influence an individual’s wellbeing. Issues with both physical and mental health stem from such social determinants, and in order...
The integrated therapeutic model is effective for clients and prepares them for actions to change behavior (Karekla, 2018, p. 6). Firstly, the client should be interested in a positive outcome of therapy. In addition, it must agree and support the methods in the sessions as this will guarantee self-regulation and...
Obesity and overweight are health conditions characterized by excess weight that contribute to the emergence of comorbidities, mental health issues and low quality of life. People tend to downplay the seriousness of being overweight, though being over underestimated, this condition is hazardous, health-harming, defined with high mortality rates. Treatment of...
In some cases, women experience complications during pregnancy and delivery, and some instances lead to the death of the mother and infant. According to WHO (2019), the current rates of maternal mortality are unacceptably high. Moreover, the majority of these deaths are a result of preventable causes and could be...
Proprietary and local titles for laboratory tests frequently lack sufficient description to distinguish between tests that are comparable. In order to avoid having to provide a long description for every single test, laboratories must be able to give codes that include sufficient information for translating between laboratories. Providing laboratories with...
It goes without saying that the spread of COVID-19 across the globe has forced scholars and healthcare providers to undertake all efforts to find appropriate treatment. In March 2020, Didier Raoult, the prominent French microbiologist, suggested the combination of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine as an efficient remedy for the coronavirus. His...
Anomalies in a Protective, Authoritative, and Culturally Varied Atmosphere Anomalies in correctional nursing are the abnormalities encountered while addressing cases in an environment with varied forms, for example, prison. A diverse cultural environment refers to differences in environmental, cultural practices and how groups and individuals vary based on specific ethnic,...
Purdue Global Library is one of the leading research databases in the world. The site contains millions of publications on different disciplines and research topics. Using the library led to the identification of the clonal rodent beta-cell lines and incretin-based therapies as two gene therapies used to manage diabetes. The...
The cultural background and genetics affect the pain threshold and the psychological attitude towards the phenomenon of pain in general. Ethnicity and the view of both the world and oneself in this world are directly related. This also applies to the characteristics of pain perception and pain responses. On the...
Introduction Antibiotics have improved Health and saved the lives of countless people worldwide by allowing them to treat bacterial infections successfully. Several health organizations have identified antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a global problem, and antibiotic-resistant organisms cause major sickness and mortality. Effective and novel medicines, as well as prevention efforts,...
Introduction: Medical Errors During Immunization The first concept to be addressed in this presentation is immunization, which is one of the most important sections of vaccinology. It is a system of measures regulating the mass use of vaccines in order to create post-vaccination immunity in the population. It is the...
The health care improvement envisages increasing the quality of medical care and rational use of available resources. Medical informatics as a discipline considers issues of informatization of health care. Medical information systems are tools designed for the daily work of the medical personnel. Information systems can transform management methods and...
Çamveren, H., Arslan Yürümezoğlu, H., & Kocaman, G. (2020). Why do young nurses leave their organization? A qualitative descriptive study. International Nursing Review, 67(4), 519–528. Web. The study investigates an issue of nurses’ high turnover that harmfully affects the provision of health care services sufficiency. The authors underline that strategies...
Pressure ulcers are wounds on the membrane and the underlying muscles brought by excessive pressure on a certain part of the membrane. Pressure Ulcers are common on the heels, spine, elbows, the base of the spine, and hips. Early symptoms include; the part of the body under pressure loses its...
Psychological treatments often face the challenge of premature termination, which sometimes decreases the chance of successful outcomes. In such situations, a therapist should be ready to deal with dropout attempts by convincing their customer to carry on through the treatment. However, on some occasions, a therapist can encounter an exact...
To answer the clinical question of whether scheduling and nurse burnout are connected, the following paper analyzes the study titled ‘Burnout in Nursing: A Theoretical Review’ by Dall’Ora, Ball, Reinius, and Griffiths. The reason the answer to the question is important is due to the unclear origins and factors that...
Introduction: Issue Summary This is a scenario where two patients have almost identical names. In addition, the patients are admitted on the same hospital floor in rooms adjacent to each other. More troubling is that both have very confusing birth dates. Similarly, the facility has a shortage of nurses, which...
Quality of care is one of the most important aspects of nursing, therefore managers pay much attention to the subject. The term “quality of care” is understood as the aggregate of characteristics that depict the timeliness of providing medical aid, the correctness of choosing the prophylaxis methods, diagnostics, treatment, and...
Limited access to health facilities and services is an ongoing problem for people living in rural underserved regions. James et al. (2017) argue that this is mainly due to economic and infrastructural reasons. Each ethnic group is affected by this problem, but minorities have the worst. Most ethnic minorities have...
Introduction With regard to relationships that can be found among the presented studies, it is obvious that they have many aspects in common but differ in approaches and the issues on which they focus most. Studies are aimed not only at understanding the compliance of infection prevention and control (IPC)...
Introduction Nursing as a profession has occurred throughout human history of time. Caregiving has evolved into its present form throughout the previous few centuries. Nursing staffs are the most believed-in and trustworthy medical care specialists in the contemporary healthcare environment. Nurses have a big job regarding disabled patients’ rehabilitation, decision-making,...
Introduction Effective communications are essential for the provision of quality healthcare services. Efficient communication allows patients to describe symptoms and give feedback regarding medical interventions. For healthcare providers, efficient exchange of information with clients facilitates accurate diagnosis, planning on a management plan, and assessing the efficacy of medical interventions. Any...
Obesity is a global problem that is associated with various chronic conditions. These comprise stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, gastrointestinal and reproductive cancers, fatty liver disease, gallstones, obstructive sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis. “Changing the lifestyle that an individual lives such as exercising, and diet...
Introduction Spirituality, together with psychological and physical wellness, is an essential aspect of terminally ill patients’ life quality. Terminally ill patients frequently question their faith, a phenomenon that is well documented in research. Yet, in many end-of-life situations, the ability of spirituality to enhance the life quality of patients facing...
Abstract The paper is devoted to investigating the aging process and the specific changes in individuals emerging with age. The given process acquires increased topicality because of the growing number of adult populations globally. For this reason, it becomes critical to investigate the peculiarities of their transition from one stage...
The general conception of any field of research ultimately dictates the type of knowledge that field aspires to develop, as well as the organization, testing, and application of that information. Barbara Carper emphasizes that, in the profession of nursing, what we value as knowledge and how we go about creating...
Prisoners suffering from mental disorders are a particularly vulnerable group in prisons and identify a whole range of needs, especially when it comes to protecting their rights and providing appropriate assistance. All prisoners are at risk of developing mental disabilities while in prison, and factors such as overcrowding, various forms...
Infant advancement happens as a continuous natural and mental cycle impacted by the climate, guardians, local area, and society. The key risk factors known to influence infant or toddler development might be extensively gathered into those influencing the climate where the infant and family reside, frequently named the social determinants...
Introduction Approximately 25 million Americans are asthmatic, which equates to one asthmatic person in a group of 13 people. This data justifies the need to address the surge in the number of infected by assessing the quality-of-care asthmatic patients receive (Menzies-Gow et al., 2018). Furthermore, everyone is prone to contracting...
Executive Summary There is a growing demand for ER nurses in Canada and their shortage, especially due to the pandemic is a subject of interest to the entire healthcare fraternity. ER nurses offer direct and individualized care to patients on the basis of applying scientific nursing principles. Canadian nurses’ unions...