The steps involved in the process of project planning Post #1 The steps in planning a project starts with knowing the parameters. It is important to give you a framework based on reality and will allow a good starting point. If those involved know the requirements and resources, it is...
National Infrastructures Within the past decade, the US government has been focusing on the best approaches to transform the country’s healthcare sector. One of the strategies entails the use of modern technologies. This objective has led to the establishment of efficient Electronic Health Record (EHR) and Health Information Exchange (HIE)...
Introduction According to Bourke Health Service (n. d.), Bourke is located to the northwest of Sydney along the Darling River. is a town with a population of about 4000 people (Linke n.d). The area boasts of a health facility which is referred to as the Bourke Health service. This facility...
The present work contains a handout for patient education on diabetes management, which is meant for people with diabetes; also, their families and caregivers may be interested in it. The handout is predominantly devoted to helping the audience to educate themselves on the issue. Diabetes is a chronic health condition,...
Introduction to the Project Obesity is a serious public health concern in the United States that puts millions of children and adolescents at risk of having poor health. Despite the intentions to control and prevent this condition among the chosen population, its prevalence remains high, and certain improvements are expected...
The state of California is engaged in State Health Information Exchange (State HIE) program that is aimed at creating IT infrastructural solutions for meaningful, rapid, and secure exchange of patients’ health data across states. The state of California as a participant is responsible for the availability and adequate flow of...
Research Proposal HealthPartners merged with Park Nicollet Health Services of St. Louis Park in Minnesota in 2013 (HealthPartners, 2014). The leaders’ focus on the cooperation strategy is explained with references to expectations regarding the improvement of the delivery system and expansion of services in the community. The selected cooperation strategy...
Neuroplasticity is a term that describes the human brain’s ability to adjust its structure in response to various factors (Doidge, 2007). Neuroplasticity is an important adaptive mechanism that allows the human brain to learn new information and maintain its function in case of an injury or a disease, and it...
Problem Identification A patient’s safety is a worldwide priority in preventing medication errors before they lead to permanent or temporary harm, financial loss, psychological trauma to patients and health care providers, and death. As stated by Aronson (2009), a medication error is characterized by the incorrect performance of prescriptions, negligence,...
It is essential for the healthcare team to exercise effective communication. Professional nurses should strive to assist patients as much as they can. The comfort goals of a patient are very important and hence, it should be the focus of a nurse. Pain management for patients is usually the main...
There is no use denying the fact that people are different. Some of them have a talent for one activity while others can perform some other actions better. At the dawn of civilization, people started to perform the kinds of activities they could to the best and since that time...
Introduction HIV/AIDS prevention in Africa has been a matter of intense debate throughout decades. Admittedly, various social and cultural issues contribute to the spread of the infection in the region. Therefore, cultural settings should be taken into account while developing prevention programs. Pen-3 Model within the dimension of cultural empowerment...
Do you purchase or consume organic food? If yes, how did you first adopted a green organic lifestyle? I have been purchasing organic food since it became widely introduced to the market. I’ve had two friends who are avid supporters of the healthy lifestyle. One of them is also an...
Introduction The narration of a story, irrespective of whether it relates to other people or is about oneself, is the same across the world. The advancement of language in human life, both on a personal and evolutionary basis, leads to the intricate use of metaphors and features of speech. This...
Assessment The Agency Health Protection Agency, HPA, is an organisation that deals with people suffering from various diseases, including tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious disease that comes with different repercussions depending on individual cases (Larsen, 2012). It is treated with antibiotics and takes around six months before it...
Introduction Tiny, portable gadgets, such as pocket digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones, have been pushed on the mark in recent years. Mobile or ubiquitous computing and handy gadgets are changing the relations between computers and humans. There is an introduction of a new communication approach based on context. This...
Introduction Huntington’s disease is a rare disease that is hereditary. It is a neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by chorea, emotional disorder, and dementia. The disease was described first in 1872. Huntington’s disease or condition is an autosomal dominant trait. This means that an offspring of a carrier, regardless of...
Introduction The institutionalization of healthcare is a major source of ethical conflicts. When looking at ethics, we consider the question; what do we owe to the other person? Today, healthcare management is an arrangement among the following groups: consumers or the patients, the providers who are the physicians and other...
Abstract The human orgasm is an important part of the sexual experience. Researchers state that it reinforces the relevance of sex. According to most researchers, the function of orgasm is to reinforce sex by acting as positive feedback to allow procreation. In this research, I evaluated the prevalence of female...
Purpose Statement To inform my audience about healthy eating and the way they can benefit from it. The positive evaluation of the topic presupposes a persuasive element. Thesis Statement Healthy eating habits can significantly improve one’s health which means that they should be promoted. Introduction Attention Getter: We all know...
Introduction The complex cognitive frameworks within an individual subject the mind to various processes. Psychologists seek to explain human behavior based on these cognitive frameworks (Stahl & Goldstein, 2010). However, in-depth approaches to the study of mental processes gave rise to the concepts of neuroscience and neuroplasticity. The brain plays...
Study Summary The Study Objective The objective of the study was to determine the role of active smoking in the occurrence of breast cancer among women. Specifically, the study aimed at establishing the extent to which active smoking increases the risk of breast cancer among Canadian women. Primary Exposure and...
Calculating Measure of Association Case One When the data provided in the first case is sorted, the organization of both the vaccinated and autistic conditions is shown in this table. With Autism Without Autism Total Vaccinated 263 440,392 440,655 Non-Vaccinated 53 96,595 96,648 Total 316 536,987 537,303 Using this table,...
Out of all the small treats, one can offer to others or buy for oneself, candies have always been the most popular ones. Chocolate, fruit, or jelly, sweet or sour, soft or hard – there are so many types of this product that a lifetime is not enough to try...
There are multiple screening tests for colon cancer or colorectal cancer. According to the global systematic review of screening interventions and guidelines, there are three major tests including a colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and fecal occult blood test (FOBT) (Bénard, Barkun, Martel, & von Renteln, 2018). As the researchers note, there...
Would You Call This an Epidemic or An Outbreak? The situation described in the case study can be classified as an outbreak. An outbreak is a relatively small-scale occurrence of a disease in a well-defined community at numbers greater than expected for the area. The numbers of individuals affected by...
One of the most influential events that set a new trend not only for Epidemiology but for the lifestyles of millions of people around the world was the publishing of similar studies by Cuyler Hammond and Daniel Horn (1954) Richard Doll and Austin Hill (1956) which connected smoking and lung...
Louise Fresco (2009) presented her views on the challenges related to food production that can jeopardise the development of human societies. The TED speaker made several important points associated with the production of food, farmers’ perspectives and concerns, and the role food (and bread, in particular) plays in people’s life....
Eric Morgan (2018) aims at developing a framework to predict the flow of parasites from wild animals to domestic species in Kazakhstan and Botswana. The researcher examines the way parasites adapt to the changeable environment, as well as the migration of wild animals that is often unpredictable. The limitations of...
Alprazolam General Description Alprazolam is an anxiolytic agent, a triazolobenzodiazepine derivative that has sedative, anticonvulsant, and central muscle relaxant effect. The drug is marked by the anxiolytic activity that is expressed in the reduction of emotional stress, anxiety, and panic attacks, which is combined with a moderately pronounced hypnotic effect...
Risk Assessment What are the hazards and do they prevent ‘lone working’? Sodium acetate buffer- It is an irritant that can destroy the integrity of the skin as well as the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Sodium acetate can also irritate the eyes and affect the sense of sight. A...
In the current study, the focus was placed on the characterization of gut structure changes in mouse models for Autism spectrum disorder and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined as a developmental condition affecting behavior and communication. The disease implies a variation of symptoms and can...
Both Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a disease that can cause malignancies, and gonorrhea are sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which pinpoint to the fact that this patient’s partner may have these health issues as well. In order to properly communicate with the patient, it is essential to explain that these diseases are...
Hypothetical Case M. J. is a 54 years old male who was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Initially, he has experienced symptoms of limb weakness in his arms, which progressed to the lower part of his body. In addition, he has difficulty walking due to stiffness in his legs....
Clinical Experience Review My clinical experience includes diverse patient encounters. While practicing family medicine, I had an opportunity to observe some cases of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, ADHD, COPD, STD’s, skin diseases, depression, anxiety, and chronic back pain among adult patients aged from 23 to 92. Moreover, I encountered children aged...
A 16-year old athlete developed hives and fainted on two separate occasions while running 2 hours after lunch. She had a tuna salad sandwich with celery. She has eaten the same type of sandwich since without symptoms, but not within 6 hours of running. The patient suffered from urticaria induced...
Risk Assessment on Allergens Case 1 In this case, the boy has hives and faints while running. Regarding the fact that these reactions are observed two hours after lunch but not six hours after eating, the diagnosis of food-dependent exercise-included anaphylaxis (FDEIA) may be given. It is an unusual reaction...
Overview The concern for an adult’s mental health in regards to suicide should begin at the age of sixty, as at this period the issue is the most prevalent. Additionally, Shaha, Bhatb, Zarate-Escuderoc, DeLeo, and Erlangsen (2016), conducted a study to determine suicide rates for adults aged from 60 to...
Summary The video Euthanasia considers the ethical issue from the point of view of the law, ethics, religion, and philosophy. It does not appear to take a stance, but it portrays euthanasia as a phenomenon that is unlikely to disappear. The film offers a comprehensive overview of various attitudes as...
The patient reported shortness of breath, right-sided chest pain, chills and fever, productive cough, and rust-colored mucus. His physical examination showed tachypnea, decreased breath sounds on the right, and coarse rhonchi through the right lung field. Additional Laboratory and Radiological Tests Chest X-ray – it will help see the problem...
Summary Rachel has a family history of breast cancer on her mother’s side and finds that she has a mutated breast cancer 1. She has two sisters, Lisa and Kristin, so it is suggested they be tested also. Rationale According to the latest regulation, I am not allowed to disclose...
Because AG’s body mass index is higher than 25, he is suffering from blurred vision and hypertension and has never had these complaints before, it is logical to assume that he has type 2 diabetes. However, it is recommended to complete a random blood sugar test and an oral glucose...
According to the individual’s history, the pathophysiology of the illness includes the reaction of the woman’s body to some irritant. She has become sensitive to something in the environment, which, as a rule, does not cause any uncommon response in the human body. In the current case, the possible disease...
Energy pathways and exercises that utilize them There are three major pathways for obtaining energy exploring both aerobic and anaerobic exercises. First of all, it is an ATP-PC system. One should realize the fact that the body needs a constant supply of ATP energy. Besides, for short and intense physical...
Evidence-Based Project: palliative care I have always been interested in investigating ways of improving the patients’ quality of life and their overall state. Especially, this is relevant to palliative care because I understand that these patients may be exposed to numerous health problems that are connected not only to their...
Wavelength Wavelength refers to the distance over which a wave repeats itself. A wavelength is normally determined by putting into consideration the distance between two corresponding points that have the same period. Wavelength is usually represented by the letter lambda (λ) whereas the meter is the SI unit that is...
General Purpose: To inform and raise awareness Specific Purpose: I want to inform my audience about the common myth about tap water being more harmful than bottled water. Thesis: Although bottled water is traditionally preferred to tap water because of its supposedly improved quality and its effective promotion, tap water,...
Overview of the Case Story Andrea Kennedy Yates “drowned her children on June 20, 2001” (Resnick, 2007, p. 3). According to experts, Yates suffered from depression and psychosis. The legal test for insanity known as the M’Naghten Rules was used during the case. The court eventually convicted Andrea Yates of...
Abstract It would not be wrong to claim that obesity starts from the cradle, follows the child through various growth phases, and may lead to many health complications in adulthood. Children must be provided with appropriate help to avoid health problems that may result due to overweight unconsciousness. This help...
Female genital mutilation is practiced by different tribes and cultures. It is used to ensure social and moral norms among girls, and it is believed that it symbolizes maturity. It is used to control women in many regions (Simister 247). Africa and the Middle East have recorded the highest number...
Savant syndrome is one of the most mysterious phenomena in the modern world. It represents the condition when the brain damage may reveal the hidden genius. The savant abilities are unique by their nature. The person expresses mastery in particular activities without the necessary knowledge or training. Stephen Wiltshire is...
Introduction Health-related issues concerning women and cancer are very sensitive. Cancer is curable when detected early, although many people still believe that it is a terminal disease. Various risk factors increase and expose individuals to contracting cancer. Although some of the risk factors are unavoidable, most of them are highly...
This review focuses on the barriers in Nursing associated with the introduction of Evidence-based Practice. Evidence-based practice is relatively a new concept that involves a change from the traditional practice. The human tendency is always to resist first to changes. The resistance is what this review proposes to consider as...
The physiological consequences and health risks of excess body weight Description of Concrete Experience I may not be overweight, but I have lived and interacted with people with excess body weight. My mum is one of the closest people to me who are overweight. Even though she is my role...
Research Summary Table: Urinary Tract Infections Author (year) Purpose Sample/Number of Participants Design Level of Evidence Findings Limitations Blanck, Donahue, Brentlinger, Stinger, & Polito (2014) To investigate a bundled approach to catheter care practices and clarify its impact on patients with UTI. Two groups (18 years of age or more)...
Robert Johnson is a 60-year-old man who is experiencing severe pain and numbness in his left leg. After tests and examinations, he went through spine surgery. During post-surgical procedures, the patient suddenly lost consciousness after complaining of chest pain. He is unresponsive to stimuli, his pulse is not palpable and...
The following chapter is created to illustrate the findings of the research paper in order to analyse and interpret the results. This chapter analyses the data through the regression analysis and descriptive statistics along with a model summary that can be used to determine the impact of the dependent variable...
Assessing While assessing decreased cardiac output, it is important to gather both objective and subjective data from the patient. Subjective data includes numerous symptoms, such as fatigue, anxiety and agitation, changes in mental condition (e.g., hyperactivity or confusion), fainting, and so on (de Souza et al., 2014). Objective data includes...
The first article under analysis – Care Seeking for Pain in Young Adults with Sickle Cell Disease – was authored by Jenerette, Brewer, and Ataga (2014). The first two are professional nurses while the last one is a doctor of medicine. The article is of recent publication and in circulation...
Communicable diseases The Department of Health of Miami, Florida has an epidemiology program. Its primary objectives are to monitor and investigate the cases of communicable population-based diseases and conditions. The monitoring is in place for a purpose to detect and address the conditions in time to prevent their development and...
Introduction Nowadays, many people suffer from hypertension and the inabilities to control the changes of their blood pressure. People have headaches and do not know the reasons for such pain. One of the possible options to check your blood pressure is to buy an automatic blood pressure monitor and use...
Explain the concept of professionalism about the “Gold Coats” “A large part of achieving recognition as a professional has to do with the way that you present yourself to others. It is a mindset that becomes easier to apply as you progress further and becomes an inspiration to others to...
Citation 1 Beliveau, Richard, and Denis Gingras. Green tea: prevention and treatment of cancer by nutraceuticals. Lancet 364.9439 (2004):1021-22. Print. Credibility This article was published in the Lancet, which is a resourceful scholarly source. Beliveau is a leading Ph.D. scholar in the field of cancer research at the University of...
Introduction In today’s competitive business scenario, it has become critical for organisations to give priority to customer service and satisfaction. Such priority is more crucial for the service industry such as health care. Due to increasing competition, private sector companies engaged in health care are forced to prioritise customer service....
Abstract The use of Electroencephalography (EEG) has become a core factor in determining the levels of aspect for growth and development in the management of mental health Over the years. Electroencephalography has been used by many health practitioners in the diagnosis of diverse brain conditions and ailments such as epilepsy,...
Introduction Any dysfunction in the frontal and the prefrontal cortex is assessed through numerous methods. One of the methods is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task dubbed WCST. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task test is a set-shifting neuropsychological test. Specifically, WCST is used to assess the human executive functioning (Monchi et...
How important is it to involve users and in what aspect(s) of the design or what stage of the selection process would you seek their involvement? Potential users of computers in a health care facility setting should be involved in all decisions regarding the introduction of computers in their workplace...
Introduction Assisted suicide denotes measures by which a person or a group of people assist another person to voluntary bring about his or her own death. It may also describe how a doctor helps a terminally ill person to die. Assisted suicide In many cultures, suicide has remained the best...
Speech and language disorders refer to disorders in communication that arise from difficulties in hearing, language development, speech, and fluency (Cook and Friend 46). Examples include stuttering, dysarthria, voice problems, language expression disorder, and phonological disorder. These disorders usually range from small problems of sound replacement to difficulty in comprehending...
“Disease Warriors” Documentary and Epidemiology Summary of the documentary “Disease Warriors” The episode Disease Warriors describes the work of healthcare professionals, trying to prevent the spread of contagious diseases and help patients who suffer from various illnesses such as AIDS. This film shows that vaccination can be the key to...
MHC Self-proteins from non-self proteins are viral that are distinguished by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This component is an important molecule involved in body immunity. The molecule signifies foreign molecules that may be present in the human body system. The paper intends to analyze the importance of MHC molecules...
Background of the problem “Overwhelming facts reveal that racial and cultural minority groups are more likely to receive poorer quality health care than white Americans, even when factors such as insurance status are controlled” (American College of Physicians 2010). As the country’s population continues to grow and diversify, the health...
Literature Review Electronic health record (EHR) is an application of information technology in the collection, storage, retrieval, and utilization of data derived from patients or the general population. Hayrinen, Saranto, and Nykanen (2008) define EHR as “a means of repository of patient data in a digital form, stored, and exchanged...
Bipolar Disorder In this paper, it is preliminarily asserted that, over recent times, there have been several debates regarding the intricacies of bipolar disorder (also called manic depressive disorder). It is further stated that, to a great extent, immense progress has been made in terms of treating this order. However,...
The Language Hemisphere Notably, there exists a dogmatic assumption that the left hemisphere controls language. Nevertheless, this is a gross oversimplification of the matter. In this case, the two hemispheres are involved in language processing (Banich, 2004). However, the left hemisphere has a relative advantage of performing the role than...
Market structure According to the US government report of 2007, the market structure for both the prescription drugs (brand-name drugs) and generic drugs are changing significantly. It notes that for the last four decades there, is a small increase, in demand, for prescription drugs due to the increasing use of...
Introduction Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the environments and organisms during which the thoracic volume changes to develop a specific mechanism of pushing the air out of the trachea and pulling the next portion of the air in the trachea. The elements of the mechanism are expiration...
Introduction Although the increasing incidence of autism has been linked to some aspect of vaccination – perhaps thimerosal – the scientific evidence does not strongly support a causal relationship; instead, the causes for the increase may arise, for example, from improved recognition and diagnosis of this still poorly understood condition....
Assessment ARDS, or the acute respiratory distress syndrome, reveals a complicated reaction to the lung injury. It is characterized by excessive alveolar-capillary permeability, diffuse alveolar damage, and pulmonary edema. The pathology is accompanied by impaired gas exchange and severe hypoxemia (Matthay 6). Because ARDS is a syndrome, but not a...
Introduction The immune system is involved in protecting the body against attacks that would culminate in disease. The lymphatic system is composed of thousands of lymphatic vessels responsible for filtering plasma back to the blood. It also interacts with the lymphoid system that is crucial in the immunity of an...
Introduction The cardiovascular system is a collection of organs in charge of the movement of blood in the body. This system is made up of the heart as well as an arrangement of veins, arteries, and capillaries. In this paper, I look at the anatomy and physiology of some components...
According to the Health Belief Model (HBM), what is the Decision-Making Process that a Person goes Through before Taking a Health-Related Action? The Health Belief Model (herein referred to as HBM) is used to explain the behavior of patients with regard to accepting or rejecting preventive healthcare or adopting healthy...
Brain imaging technologies are essential since they help one to understand the role and relationships between various parts of the brain. There are several brain imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT), Functional Magnetic Resonance (FMR), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI). Notably, CT is a brain imaging technology that uses...
Corpus Callosum is a band of white matter that connects the right and the left hemispheres of the brain. This band acts as a pathway through which communication takes place. In addition, the development of agenesis in the corpus callosum results in congenital disorder (Hetts et al., 2006). Agenesis is...
Introduction The cloning process is a successful scientific practice especially when scientists in Scotland managed to clone a mammal. Indeed, the process is simple that provided a possibility to clone a human being. Nevertheless, there have been ethical issues concerning whether human cloning could be officially authorized or not. Moreover,...
Bipolar disorder is a type of psychological disorder or mood disorder characterized by severe feelings of sadness, loss, failure, hopelessness, and rejection. People suffering from this disorder are often seen to swing back and forth between phases of irritability and good moods. The movement from mania to depression can be...
Introduction As a student at Pierce College, I have come to realize that the dietary practices that an individual adopts play a huge role in their physical and mental well being. Healthy eating is the biggest contributing factor to an individual’s well being and it is associated with an increased...
Ethics in Your Work Place Ethics refers to the code of conduct that governs the activities or behavior of professionals in a given field or employees in a given organization (Seth, 2010). The code of conduct is usually set by the organization or the regulating body in the profession. Ethics...
Abstract This paper is a research proposal comparing childhood obesity in the United States of America and Saudi Arabia. The paper starts by defining the purpose statement of the research: to establish the rate of obesity between the US and Saudi Arabia, the causes, and how to overcome it. Then...
Introduction Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease that occurs quite often in patients of different ages and is characterized by hyperglycemia syndrome, which is a result of insufficient insulin production. With undue treatment, this disease can affect blood vessels, nervous system, and metabolism of patients. The purpose of this paper...
Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore communication strategies that can enhance novice nurses’ capacity to work in acute care psychiatric settings. Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted to analyze selected research articles that studied the barriers to effective communication that novice nurses encounter. Findings: Nurses...
Medication errors are the medical errors related to prescription of drugs and other medications. Despite many interventions aimed at reducing their incidence in diverse settings, medication errors are still a burden to health care. However, the majority of adverse events related to medication errors can be prevented in case of...
To succeed in the field of public health medicine, one needs to master a variety of skills and competencies. Particularly, the foundational abilities outlined by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) are crucial for the future public health nurses. The present paper aims to perform the self-assessment and...
The nursing practice is guided by strict codes of ethics which promote beneficence and protect the patient. These standards, often legally supported, provide a framework which the nurses use to provide ethical and professional care. However, the complexities of the healthcare system and patient demands may create morally ambiguous situations...
Even though following the prescriptions of doctors and strict adherence to the course of treatment are mandatory conditions for the recovery process, excessive attachment to certain drugs may become a problem. In particular, prescription drug abuse is the issue that is relevant today and should be discussed at the state...
Introduction Ross, Fitzpatrick, Click, Krouse, and Clavelle (2014) point out that there is a need for resilient and proficient nursing leadership that fosters organizational and personal change. Nurses’ role in making ethical, legal, and moral decisions is crucial as they are the first people with whom individuals can discuss their...
Abstract The final paper covers the main activities and functions that were integrated by the public health professional while working on the HIV prevention campaign. The target population selected for the project was young adults in Chicago, Illinois. The reason for choosing that group was that is included some of...
Introduction The ever-changing technology has transformed several sectors of humanity that include education, business, and health. Notably, the wise implementation of technological advancements introduces beneficial outcomes for consumers and service providers in various entities. One of the sectors that have enjoyed the benefits accrued from technology is healthcare. Calvillo, Román,...
Introduction The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) is one of the most commonly used conceptual theories of nursing. Understanding its ideas can help medical professionals improve the quality of care they provide and enhance patients’ self-evaluation and mental health. This paper aims at researching the RAM, describing its main concepts, and...
Any healthcare employee needs to adhere to a variety of regulations. Public health professionals have many competencies to follow in case they wish to be considered high-skilled and responsible. The present paper aims at self-evaluating and discussing the skills, knowledge, and abilities across the foundational competencies set up by the...
The selected public health issue serving as the basis for the intended final capstone project is HIV prevention. The target group is composed of young adults from Chicago, Illinois. The problem is closely related to the paper because it will help to develop and introduce a public health campaign, which...
Introduction A wide variety of nursing research tools such as surveys, can be used in order to gather information on the views and opinions of a specific group of people on a particular clinical or organizational issue. This data is contributed to the nursing knowledge base, which can be used...