The contamination process of infection follows a specific sequence based on the causative agent. Thus, every infection starts from the locus point of entry. The sequence of contamination includes a causative agent or pathogen, transmission channel, entry portal, and a susceptible host. The diagram below summarizes the sequence of infections....
Several people from a single family are diagnosed with the same cancer type at an unusually early age. Factors causing cancer are either environmental or genetic (molecular). The general indication of cancer is abnormal cell division (when cells do not stick to the predesigned process of controlled cell division). Cancer...
Autonomy refers to the ability to rule oneself and turns out to be a principle of biomedical ethics that claims that patients have a right freely to choose the best option for their health. It means that a patient can decline a certain form of treatment prescribed by a doctor....
A risk pool can be defined as a form of managing risk where different parties come together to form a pool of protection against catastrophic risks like floods. Risk pooling is a term mainly used in insurance. It refers to the act of the parties coming together to hedge against...
Managed care, also known as managed healthcare, entails the provision of quality healthcare services to the community at a reduced cost. Managed care is a program in the Health System of the United States of America. Its main objective is to reduce unnecessary costs incurred by US citizens on healthcare....
The theory of reasoned action, which is a behavioral theory, holds that before individuals perform certain actions, they weigh available options and choose one depending on the prevailing attitudes and subjective norms. Fundamentally, attitudes and subjective norms are parameters of reasoned action that determine behavioral intentions among individuals. In this...
In conflict zones, rape and other forms of sexual abuse are gender-based violence that women experience because they are unable to defend themselves. The rates of violence against women are higher in conflict zones than in non-conflict zones, which implies that conflicts predispose women to sexual abuses such as rape...
Maternal literacy and family wellbeing are two factors that correlate positively. Maternal literacy determines the well-being of a family because women play a significant role in protecting and maintaining the health conditions of their families. Since hygienic conditions in the family are important in controlling contagious diseases, women have the...
Intake of alcohol has been linked to a large number of health impairments, chronic diseases, and death worldwide. Research by the International Agency for Research on Cancer established the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages based on the increased risk of liver cancer. Alcohol’s relationship to cancer was established twenty years ago....
The threat of water-borne parasites is a burning question for people of Borneo. For a long period of time, the inhabitants of this island have been eating exotic food and drinking water without paying attention to the possible threats and illnesses. Nowadays, people face an impressive variety of intestinal diseases....
The problem of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has already touched upon many countries worldwide. A number of developing nations suffer from the impossibilities to determine, understand, and prevent diseases. Millions of people die from NCDs annually, and globalization is one of the factors that lead to the spreading of this...
Normally, people suffering from dementia have a problem with their brain function. This is due to degeneration of the brain caused by various conditions. These people are often agitated due to frustration caused by their forgetfulness. They often forget to eat or drink and even have a problem with swallowing,...
Special skills and procedures are necessary in order to collect primary data from patients, families, or community members. Given that the primary data collection scope is limited, researchers should employ the latest methods of data collection. The key informant strategy is one such approach to collecting primary data. Researchers employ...
Computer-based CDSS has the potential value of advancing patient treatment and outcomes. The support system entails the input of patient-specific clinical variables by the clinician and the provision of a patient-specific recommendation. For example, the most common form of support systems are drug dosing calculators which facilitate appropriate doses of...
Nurse’s primary responsibility consists in ensuring emotional, psychological, and physical wellness of patients with regard to the peculiarities of their cultural and social backgrounds. Nurses should be fully committed to the duties they have in front of the managerial staff and patients. Proving high-quality healthcare services should ensure social wellbeing...
Each hospital has a unique set of goals, objectives, and philosophy, which are shaped with regard both internal and external processes. At this point, considering outside influences is vital because external competition has a direct impact on the quality of healthcare. This is of particular concern to patients’ social and...
Morality refers to the principal’s of determining the behavior and appropriate conduct in a setting. Each profession has its own ethics. Ethics are vital for healthcare leadership and require two areas of focus, biomedical ethics and managerial ethics. Biomedical ethics is concerned with the way a health care professional should...
A patient should consult a doctor to establish if a blood test is good for his health. This will help a patient to understand benefits and risks which are associated with blood tests. Patients who undergo blood tests are able to understand their health conditions which allows them to make...
GE T1 weighted GE T1 weighted images usually use the following order depending on the scanner used: SPGR (General Electric), RF-FAST (Marconi, formerly Picker), FLASH (Siemens), and T1-FFE (Philips). The flip angle should be considered when you want to obtain T1 weighted images. Small flip angles, normally those less than...
Biological and behavioral surveillance data about injecting drug users may prove to be very helpful in HIV prevention. First, this data may help in identifying the percentage proportion of individuals infected by HIV through needles. This might help the government to plan a preventive program geared to these individuals that...
The treatment-oriented world that has been developing after the production of ARVs and other drugs poses several dangers to HIV prevention programs. First, most of the prevention programs nowadays are medicine-driven. This may occur in several ways, but the most important method is the change from prevention programs to treatment...
Of the Asia Pacific countries with populations of more than 10 million people, very few have escaped significant epidemics of HIV. To date, however Bangladesh, Japan, the Philippines and South Korea are four very different countries with low prevalence. Posit a brief explanation why each of these countries has a...
It has usually been noted that HIV prevalence in war-torn countries or those that are recovering from conflicts is usually very high. This can be seen in several African countries, such as Burundi and Zaire. One of the main factors that may lead to this situation is the increased levels...
The majority of the population is greatly dissatisfied with the current health care system provided. While an effective system can be deemed to be one that is efficient, acceptable and at the same time equitable, the current system has been observed to be lacking in these attributes. Even though many...
The Pan American Health Organization is a well-known international organization for its high performance of healthcare delivery to Americans, and the main objective of this organization, with a legacy of over a hundred years, is to raise the living standards of the American nationals. The headquarter of this organization is...
The peculiar feature of such diseases like flu is that people do not have appropriate native defenses, which will help to minimize the infection as soon as it gets to the human body. It is very important to pay more attention to the time and the conditions under which flu...
Health, safety, and nutrition are closely connected with each other. When children are healthy and fed, they can play, learn, and fully enjoy their childhood. On the other hand, sickness, malnutrition leads to “fatigue, diminished alertness, growth and academic failure”, which can disrupt the children’s mood and be an obstacle...
Measurements to evaluate the existing healthcare practices and their outcomes are critical elements of the model for improvement. The quality and safety measures can be used in assessing the performance of separate clinical settings and the healthcare system as a whole. The standard adopted by the Veterans Administration Hospital in...
Evaluation of the health system should not use different criteria in developing and developed countries.A good health system is one where inequalities should be removed. The health system has the responsibility to remove the inequalities, if necessary, through interventions. Goodness and fairness are the principles of good health. Whatever sources...
In 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted to expand access to care, make coverage more affordable, and reduce the number of uninsured. By 2014, approximately 77% of Medicaid recipients had signed up for various forms of managed care. Moreover, it is a requirement that for a hospital to...
Counselors are obliged to protect the client’s information because it is confidential. The data can be only be disclosed without his or her consent with sound ethical or legal justifications. Otherwise, the client’s consent is needed in order to reveal any confidential information. The subject of confidentiality is the diagnosis...
The state of healthcare in global communities is far from perfect. The effectiveness of healthcare is based on many factors, such as access to necessities, education, literacy, the availability of funds and resources, and technology. The introduction of modern practices and technologies in rural communities often faces difficulties and barriers...
The World Health Organization (n.d.) is one of the largest health agencies that are concerned with global leadership in health matters. The projects of the World Health Organization (n.d.) are multiple, and they are aimed at the promotion of health and equality globally. Primary health care is one of the...
It goes without saying that social norms played a substantial role in people’s awareness concerning health care and their perception of certain diseases. From the time of the European colonization of India and Africa, native populations were regarded as primitive, dirty, and contaminated due to their skin color. Colonial governments...
Professionalism in nursing encompasses an extensive set of qualities including academic and experience-based knowledge, professional, ethical attitude based on responsibility, and the skills of clinical practice and decision-making. According to Daly, Speedy, and Jackson, the primary purpose of nursing leadership is “to engage staff in a way that instills a...
There are times in everyone’s life when medical help is essential. Unfortunately, the health system is not ideal and has many disadvantages. That is the reason why many people avoid asking for medical help. According to Fineberg, there are some recommendations that can help to ensure the efficiency and sustainability...
I have recently watched an interesting episode from “Doctor House” where a journalist who lost the ability to speak and had a specific neurological disorder was described. He had serious problems with health, but the problem was that he could not speak distinctly and mixed basic concepts in his mind,...
The four terms, public health, community health, population health, and community-based care, all refer to approaches that are used for promoting positive health outcomes within a specific group. Yet, some distinctions should be mentioned. For instance, community and population health are similar but unique approaches to the promotion of public...
Since the invention of advertisement as a marketing tool, its main purpose was to attract the recipients and encourage them to do a particular action, whether it is a purchase or lecture attendance. The advertisements concerning alcohol and tobacco are no exception, and their primary purpose is to make people...
Physician’s Office in Riyadh The first systems to be implemented will be the source systems. In this case, they will include the registration-admission, discharge, and transfer, the practice management, the patients’ financial services, electronic document management, and order communications systems. These applications ensure a smooth flow of patient information from...
Culturally insensitive care can be regarded as one of the contributors to healthcare disparities in the United States because medical professionals’ approach defines patients’ perceived relationships with them and the overall quality of care. For example, according to Cuevas, O’Brien, and Saha, many practitioners tend to provide less patient-centered care...
The availability of various pathways to becoming a registered nurse is definitely a positive factor, and one can argue that it contributes to the improvement of care quality. All of the mentioned educational pathways – the bachelor’s degree of science in nursing (BSN); the associate’s degree in nursing (ADN); the...
Wellness Public health services are charged with the detection and prevention of disease from spreading. They are also supposed to perform disease surveillance activities such as checking for any outbreaks or immunizing patients in case of a probable outbreak. The detection of unusual diseases or outbreaks is very crucial as...
The emergency department offers stewardship to patients by ensuring that they offer them quality emergency care through prudent management of scarce health care resources. Emergency physicians have an obligation to effectively use the available resources for the long-term benefit of the patient; thus emergency department has a duty to avoid...
Morrison informs that in cases of abuse like domestic violence, the healthcare administrator can encourage the victims to report the matter themselves to the law enforcement officers. Alternatively, the healthcare administrator can consult with the victim and thereafter offer to report the matter to police on behalf of the victim....
Education is crucial for all career people in practicing their professions. This does not exclude the nurses for they are career individuals. The education for the nurses is offered through the nurse’s educators who ought to be trained clinicians and offer the education in an academic and clinical setting. Nurses...
It is advisable that the nurses should demeanor generational inventory of their working units. They should look at a team that considers generational mix, generational issues, and age profile. This is quite important for it helps to lock out the gaps that would be created by the aging staff. The...
An upward trend of the costs of health care delivery is still imminent unless a complete overhaul of the health care system is accomplished. The introduction of health insurance as a way of prepaying health care costs in the beginning of the 20th century has not yielded fruits as such...
The factors, which influenced the development of the nursing theory, are closely associated with the history of nursing and the development of medical science in general. Originally, nursing presupposed only caring for the deceased and wounded by creating the necessary environment for recovery. The appearance of Florence Nightingale in the...
“One needs to structure a system by which efforts must be made to deliver value to patients in terms of patient results, or outcomes per $ on health care costs, or in other words “lower costs without impairing quality.” In the present scenario, the most important drawback has been that,...
Rural hospitals can be subdivided into several categories or classifications, for instance: sole community hospitals (SCH), Medicare-dependent hospitals, and rural referral centers. In this section, it is necessary to discuss their peculiarities. At first, we need to mention that the funding provided to each of these institutions as well as...
Information traditionally obtained from health facilities serves to assist in the health care system in developing nations. However, this data is not fully useful as it is fragmentary and biased. “The health care challenges facing developing countries are many in number, broad in scope and fundamental in nature.” Several factors...
American Nurses Association (ANA) American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) Association for Vascular Access (AVA)
Alcohol and drug screening AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), is a screening tool that is heavily effective in the identification of heavy consumption of alcohol among women who are not pregnant. It consists of around 10 questions that are related to the harmful consumption of alcohol. On the other...
The foremost function of the immune system is to protect organisms from exogenous agents that cause infection using layered defenses, namely the physical barriers, the innate immune system, and, on the last line of defense, the adaptive immune system. Each of the three has a critical role to play if...
Summary Physicians and nurses strive to provide quality medical care to their clients to ensure better patient outcomes and satisfaction. Quality care in healthcare institutions has significant benefits at individual and community levels since it increases chances of realizing anticipated health outcomes. An evaluation of various dimensions of quality care...
Summary Healthcare information technology has played a critical role in enhancing the quality of service delivery and assuring positive results from interventions. Unfortunately, most healthcare practitioners do not know the scope of some technologies and how to adapt them for effective medical practices. However, a bar-code medication administration system is...
COVID-19 has affected the economics of the countries all other the world, and Canada is not an exception. Business experiences serious problems: due to the quarantine, many cafes and restaurants are closed, the travel industry is paralyzed, and the entertainment sphere is overcoming difficulties of moving to online production. The...
There are numerous roles in nursing that require different approaches and education that prepares nurses for the necessary tasks that lie within their duties. All the nurses have at least an RN allowing them to offer basic primary care. Most of the specialized types of nurses described in this essay...
The main factor in the overall practice environment that influenced RN turnover was the practice environment as a whole. This variable was measured by the PES-NWI score after correcting for RN features, units, and hospitals. Specific attributes under the overall practice environment included the tenure, age, and education level of...
Mental health problems nowadays are treated with as much precision, attention, and importance as physical health. However, for the longest time, people were unaware of the necessity of addressing and treating them. Mental health issues, specifically mood disorders, can be defined as psychological disturbances that evoke periods of excessive emotional...
The main elements of informed consent could be seen in that the concerned patient should be fully aware and involved in treatment and procedures that are being carried out on them. Further, it is also necessary that patients need to be informed and appraised about the medical treatment meted out...
The federal government of the United States has spent most of its drug control dollars on interdiction and law enforcement with substantially smaller amounts of funds directed to prevention and treatment. Scientific knowledge would be used as the foundation for developing drug policy. This knowledge base would be multidisciplinary, depending...
Humans and drug addicts have used or consumed drugs for many years since the history of humanity, but as regards this, the scientific study of drugs is more recent. According to research that was conducted by researchers, it was discovered that pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs, which deals...
Abuse of substances has been approximated to be the actual cause of close to 120,000 deaths per year in the United States, while more 80% of them imputed to alcohol and about 20% imputed to other drug use. Alcohol and other drugs have become more likely the cause of unpremeditated...
Transgender people are considered to be among vulnerable populations due to their increased need for high-quality healthcare. According to the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, transgender patients are at a higher risk of health issues associated with abuse, violence, and substance misuse than the general population. This population...
The modern world exists in the way we know to a greater degree due to the discovery and mass use of vaccination. The given practice helped to attain significant improvement in the quality of people’s lives by eliminating the danger of being killed by smallpox, polio, diphtheria, and hepatitis. It...
Proper eating is known to play a significant role in the wellbeing of any person, and dieting is vital for a healthy lifestyle. This is especially important for older adults who have diabetes, as the quality of their life depends on what they eat. Telemedicine can offer a solution to...
Scientific medicine has long been perceived as an effective and the only accurate method of medical care, and there remain proponents of the traditional way of treatment. However, practice shows that not only science is beneficial to doctors’ performance and their patients’ health but also other less evident factors such...
Nowadays, people have to be concerned not only about diseases in their communities but also about outbreaks in other parts of the world. As the transportation system becomes more sophisticated with time passing, so increases the chance of being infected by a virus from another corner of a planet. Today,...
Pay for performance is an approach to reimbursement within the clinical environment in which a provider is compensated based on safety and quality of care, and client satisfaction. It should be noted that the complexity of the set lies in the fact that the focus is shifting towards attempts to...
It should be stressed that nurses should participate in healthcare legislation and policy amendment actively because, this way, they will be advocating for their clients. To effect change at the state level, nurses need to collaborate with other professionals since, first, they need to get experienced in interdisciplinary cooperation, informatics,...
Salmonella is a bacterium commonly associated with a foodborne illness caused by the salmonellosis infection. The disease is responsible for 1.2 million infections and 450 deaths in the United States annually. There are more than 2,500 various serotypes identified. This paper will discuss a relatively common Salmonella enterica. It is...
Alleles are the variations or alternatives for a gene locus, and they can be classified into two main categories. There are dominant and recessive alleles, where the latter’s effect is overridden by the former’s expression. If an organism possesses either two dominant or two recessive alleles, it is considered to...
Frequently, when people get the desire to try any drug, they are willing to achieve a sense of pleasure and relaxation. While a person injects drugs into the body, the brain system releases the neurotransmitter called dopamine. It helps drug consumers feel the desired effect of pleasure and reward and,...
Firstly, these are antianxiety agents commonly used for treating anxiety disorders and symptoms. The names of drugs belonging to this class are benzodiazepines such as alprazolam (Xanax), and other medications including buspirone (BuSpar) and paroxetine (Paxil). Antidepressant drugs are intended for treating the major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar...
Dieting becomes a factor in the daily life of everyone who wishes to control his and her weight. But there are many incorrect popular beliefs regarding dieting, especially regarding how and what to eat. Many people do believe that they must eat the less possible and substitute fats with carbohydrates...
In the U.S, there exist differences in the access of the quality health care especially among the minority groups and non-minorities that amounts to healthcare disparities. The root causes of these disparities are varied and as such resolving them, needs interventions of many stakeholders. Recent research efforts that focused on...
The majority of developed nations including the western world have for many years explained the emergence of infectious diseases using the production-of-disease theory. However, the disparity in society has affected both the spread patterns of infectious diseases as well as the causative agent. The outbreak of new strains of infectious...
The Affordable Care Act is one of the most effective laws governing health care management in the United States of America. The act deals with the funding and spending docket as well as the delivery of healthcare services to the public. President Obama signed the Act into law in March...
Risks to the staff, patients, and the institution are prevalent in healthcare. Organizations have different risk management programs aimed at safeguarding the institution and the patients. Patient safety and risk management program is some of the common risk management programs that I have encountered in healthcare institutions. The patient safety...
In the provided scenario, I am one of three nurse aides (NAs) assigned to a long-term care unit with thirty-five residents and staffed with two registered nurses (RNs). I was instructed to cover the registered nurses’ (RN) patients while they distribute morning medications with my co-worker, Linda Evans. However, Linda...
Health Disparities These are inconsistencies in health determinants between population subgroups, resulting in differences in key indicators, such as immunization rates, life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality, among others. They exist in health outcomes, healthcare access, health-seeking behaviors, and risk exposure. Implicit provider stereotypes and prejudice against minority groups contribute to...
Working as a nurse manager, it is possible to act as a change agent to maintain the accreditation status of a particular clinic. The use of control methods and those leadership standards that exist today contributes to increased monitoring over the productivity of subordinates and, as a consequence, the quality...
Introduction Medicare and Medicare services, as well as managed care companies, are often used phrases in the United States’ insurance and affordable health care programs. These insurance programs are experiencing financial difficulties that must be addressed through a variety of alternate techniques. Thus, this essay will discuss both Medicare and...
Twenty-two-year-old white American, finishing her undergraduate degree, not working at the moment. She was raised and developed normally as a child and was not behind her peers. Financially well-off lives in a 3-room apartment with a family of five. Meals are regular, three times a day, nutritious, varied. A young...
Pharmacology is developing rapidly, and the persistent opinion that any strong antibiotic causes much harm to the body can no longer be considered consistent. Antibiotics of the new generation, among other vital advantages, show that they can work carefully about vital human systems and effectively against pathogenic bacteria. The abstract...
Introduction Many diseases are treated with specific medications, but the advantages and great results are not evident to some healthcare providers. This is a major shortcoming of evidence-based healthcare practice, and the information must be spread as soon as possible so that medics begin to treat their patients with useful...
Socioeconomic and environmental influences play a role in determining health outcomes, and these are known as social determinants of health (SDH). Life circumstances comprise everything from how a person is born to how they grow, work, live, and retire. Economic systems, development goals, social standards, social programs, and political systems...
Introduction A phenomenon denotes the things people experience through their senses. Problems are the daily phenomena individuals involve in their practices. Some of the phenomena challenges individuals may face daily include uncontrollable blood pressure stimulated by the stress people incur due to certain illnesses or incidents (Dahlberg & Dahlberg, 2019)....
Introduction The Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (kgs) by their height (m2). My weight is 230 pounds (104kgs) and height is 5’5 feet (1.65 meters), therefore; BMI = 104/2.725 = 37.82 The result indicates that my BMI is way above the recommended range for...
HITECH act, or Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, is an important part of current nursing practice. Signed into practice by President Obama in 2009, the program aimed to establish the use of new technology in medical practice (What is the Hitech act, 2021). In particular, the...
Both Amish and African American cultural heritage is characterized by a set of cultural beliefs that shape their members’ experiences and define the efficacy of its delivery. The African American cultural heritage has made it possible to focus on the importance of family relationships as the vehicle for building health...
Since the 19th century, drugs can both be used for instrumental or medical purposes and recreational use, when people only consume illegal substances to achieve some satisfaction. Speaking of instrumental drugs, medicals are obliged to follow specific rules on drug injection, which include dose calculations and ratio. In such a...
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design principles focus on the relationship between the physical environment and behavioral tendencies with respect to crime. CPTED principles provide the necessary physical security assessments and professional certifications within the built environment. The principles and coupled to design systems that ensure the physical environment of a...
Other people with hemophilia can be found through community counts and support networks, which only involve members who are voluntarily willing to assist hemophilia patients. It is important to remember that the hemophilia occurrence rate is significantly higher among men than women because it is an X-chromosome-linked gene. The Hemophilia...
Many patients decide to visit a doctor when the same symptom occurs for several days, and the situation does not change or even gets worse. In this case, a new patient informs about a fever for three days and asks for help. To come to one correct diagnosis, it is...
Media are used in the community to promote health and prevent disease. The most effective approach is the use of the Internet for health-promotional purposes. Community members have access to a variety of websites, such as healthymiamidade, floridahealth, miamidade, and others. At these websites, citizens can find out the location...
Biasness in a research study is known to cause a distortion between the exposure and outcome. Bias in a study results from errors in design method employed, method of data collection, as well as data analysis. According to a critical review of the controversial paper published (and later retracted) by...
H5N1 is highly contagious between birds of different species. H5N1 easily mutates creating variants which are capable of infecting birds across different species. There are some of these variants which infect human beings. The avian virus is transmitted between birds by binding to galactose receptors located in their respiratory tract....
Substance in the organism, whereas bioavailability is a subcategory of the former concept. It is based on the portion of the drug that reaches the final circulatory system. Both of them are highly dependent on the nature of the chemical. Distribution is the process of transferring the drug through the...
Features to include Physical security Electronic medical records should occupy limited physical space available. Computers should occupy limited space within health facilities where patients can interact with physicians nicely and update the status of their health profiles. Medical practitioners are the only qualified people to interpret or manipulate the medical...